Introduction To Nuclear Reactor For A-level Students

Nuclear Reactor:-
Definition:-
      A motor which has a controlled and sustainable nuclear reaction for any of multiple purposes, to make power, to supply neutrons, to induce nuclear reactions, to get ready radioisotope, or to breed fissionable fabric from sure fertile fabrics is called nuclear reactor.
Principle:-
      The environment of fissioning nuclei is controlled is such a method that only neutron out of 2.5 neutrons released on the average is used to induce fission in another atom. In this way, the rate of life generation is maintained at a constant level. Thus controlled chain reaction is the principle of nuclear reactor.
Explanation:-
      The reactors are divided in to 3 categories on the basis of neutron energy.
v      Thermal Reactor
v      Fast Breeder Reactor
      Thermal reactors use thermal neutrons, whose kinetic life is nearly equal to kinetic life regarding the molecules at space temperature. On the other paw fast breeder reactors use fast neutrons.
Enrichment of uranium:-
      Natural uranium contains about 1% (.7%) of 92U235 and 99.3% of 92U238. the rare isotope 92U235 takes the effective component in building up the chain reaction. the nuclear reactor (thermal) uses the uranium as fuel. Natural uranium is a very little grade fuel. First of all natural uranium is enriched by increasing the percentage of 92U235 prior to its use within the nuclear reactor. Enriched uranium is used as nuclear fuel in a nuclear reactor. Enriched uranium means percentage of 92U235 becomes greater than its original percentage in natural uranium.
Components of a Nuclear Reactor:-
      A nuclear reactor consists regarding the following parts:
Core:-
      This is the greatest important component regarding the nuclear reactor. It contains fuel that is cylinders of Uranium
Moderator:-
      The function of moderator is to slow below the neutrons produced during th fission process. As the neutrons produced during the fission process are very fast and are not suitable for producing fission within the reactor fuel.
Manage Rods:-
      These rods hold the velocity regarding the fission reaction below control. Usually these are Cadmium or Boron rods, which have the property of absorbing neutrons. By decreased the manage rods into the reactor, the velocity regarding the fission process reduces and shall be stopped when the rods fall in during force failure etc.
Cooling system:-
      It consists of pipes along which the coolant is pumped within the shape of gas and water. The coolant (gas) is heated while passing through the core.
Heat exchanger:-
      This is the component regarding the nuclear reactor where the heat regarding the nuclear fission is transported to ordinary water. The h2o is converted to steam, which in turn runs the turbine to make electricity.
Biological shield:-
      It is a wall of concrete which absorbs radiations emitted due to fission regarding the fuel and protects the workers from their dangerous effects.
Working:-
      The fissionable fuel is enriched uranium. The uranium fuel elements are within the shape of thin rods about two meter long and 3 cm in diameter. They can be placed in a moderate known as moderator. The moderator is created up of nuclei of comparable mass to that regarding the neutron and of fabric which does not absorb the precious neutrons. Graphite is usually used a moderator. The fast neutrons produced in a fission process undergo multiple collisions with the nuclei regarding the moderator and are slowed below to thermal range. A slow neutron can induce another fission function within the fuel element and can thus cause a chain reaction.








      The life liberated by the fission process yields a huge no. of heat. The heat regarding the system rises or falls as the rate of chain reaction rises or falls. Sequential to maintain a steady rate of chain reaction the heat regarding the system is regulated to a determined price with the help of manage rods of boron or cadmium, which are effective neutron absorbers. These rods shall be moved in and out regarding the reactor from the manage room. If the fission chain starts to leave too fast, the manage rods shall be inserted a bit deeper and neutrons shall be absorbed. As the reaction dies off, the manage rods shall be slightly with drawn.
      A charge motor is used to beginning the reactor. The uranium fuel rods are lowered in to fuel channels within the graphite core. The manage rods are then raised slowly and placed at sure position as soon as the chain reaction proceeds at the compulsory rate. The reactor is now spoke about to gone critical and heat is produced steadily.
      In a force reactor, a liquid is circulated through the shielded reactor and heat exchanger as shown within the figure. The warm liquid flowing through the heat exchanger vaporizes a more volatile liquid like water, the resulting warm gas or steam below compression drives a turbine. The turbine in turn drives an electric generator.
Draw backs:-
      The primary draw return of nuclear reactors is the nuclear waste products. The uranium rods subsequent to usage are converted in to radioactive elements which hold an extended 1/2 life. This waste cannot be drop structure of atom or dumped within the earth. Due to the fact that due to its radio active nature, it shall damage any living present in its vicinity. Although, nuclear life is very cost effective compared to other sources of life but real dispose regarding the waste products is expensive too much.
Liquid Metal Fast Breeder Reaction (LMFBR):-
Definition:-
      A kind of reactor which breeds itself as well as uses liquid metal for transformation of heat in to heat exchanger is called LMFBR.
Explanation:-
      U235 being fewer abundant cannot be sued for ever like a fuel. So a method out was wanted to use the abundant isotope like a fuel within the nuclear reactor. This should increases the life span regarding the present Uranium reserves by 100.
Breeding process:-
      In this kind of reactor fast neutrons are used to convert 92U238 in to 94Pu239 as follows:
                                          92U238 + on1 → 93Np239 + β-
                                                93Np239 → 94Pu239 + β-
94Pu239 shall be used as fuel as efficiently as 92U235 but the only difference is that fast neutrons can carry out the following fission process.
                                          on1 + 94Pu239 → X + Y + 2on1 + 200 MeV
Where X and Y are fission fragments. As it is emitting 3 neutrons per fission, that is why it shall be used for nuclear bombs as well.
The Liquid Metal Coolant:-
      The 94P239 breeder reactor is called LMFBR due to the fact that a liquid metal like sodium is used like a coolant instead of water, which slows below the the neutrons and hinders the process of breeding. Sodium is solid at space heat but becomes liquid at 98C and is that is why a good heat transfer liquid.
Working:-
     The core regarding the reactor (the region containing the fissionable material) is created up of 15 to 30% U235 that is surrounded by blanket of U238. since fast neutrons are more efficient in converting U238 to 94Pu239, there is no need for a moderator to slow below the neutrons produced within the fission. Cadmium rods manage the chain reaction within the blanketed core, contained in a primary vessel. The flow diagram regarding the sodium coolant and the intermediate heat exchanger are shown within the fig. the feed h2o circulating within the outer heat exchanger is converted in to steam to drive a turbine, which shall operate an electric generator to make electricity.
Advantages and Disadvantages:-
      In comparison to thermal reactors, the following are the advantages and disadvantages of breeder reactors:
Advantages:-
v      The life span regarding the present uranium. Uranium sources are increased by 100 times by creating use of 92U238 instead of 92U235.
v      The 92U238 left over while enrichment of 92U235 for thermal reactor shall be used.
v      Ores with a very tiny concentration of 92U235 that is useless for conventional reactors shall be used for the as blanket of 92U238 in LMFBR.
v      Life produced is of little price due to readily availability of 92U238(with out enrichment).
Disadvantages:-
v      Sodium explodes if exposed to space or water. That is why any leakage shall be dangerous.
v      The coolant used in LMFBR and the heat exchanger is opaque. That is why it is not likely to look inside the core, what is going on there while repairing during maintenance.
v      The high life neutron creates sodium radioactive because:
                                                      0n1 + 11Na23 → 11Na24 + γ-ray  ( T1/2 = 15 hrs)
To be safe, it is advised to wait at fewest twenty 1/2 lives that is 300 hours or 12.5 days. So it is important to wait 12.5 days subsequent to shutting below the reactor sequential to carry some repair work.
v      Long switching off the reactor, increases the price significantly and also reliability of LMFBR.
v      Highly riched sodium coolant can cause a serious accident in LMFBR and then there is a chance that 94Pu239 should be emitted in to atmosphere which can result in devastating results.
Uses:-
      Nuclear reactors shall be used for following purposes:
v      Nuclear reactors are widely used as sources of best power. They can be gradually replacing the more conventional life sources for the production of electricity. Karachi nuclear force plant (KANUP) is an example of converting nuclear life to electrical energy. Reactors force some ocean going ships and submarines.
v      Reactors are used to supply neutrons, which are of immense importance in nuclear studies and research. Neutron diffraction is a powerful tool for studying crystals structure.
v      Reactor are used to get ready a huge variations of artificial radioisotopes which are widely used in industry, health related diagnose and therapy, and agriculture. In fact the tracer isotope techniques are widely used for the learn of many processes in biology, chemistry, physics, archaeology and other branches of science.
v      Production of plutonium that is used in atomic bombs like a fuel.
v      Nuclear reactors shall be used to make fissionable fabric fro sure non fissionable but fertile materials.
v      It is used for the production of atomic life for non-residential and peaceful purposes.
Thorium Breeder Reactor:-
      The above difficulties with LMFBR have led to h2o moderated slow neutron breeder reactor creating use of 90Th 232to breed 92U238in spite of decreased breeding ratio. Such a breeder should be safe and hold a fewer concentrated core, thus avoiding well-being problems with LMFBR.

What Activities Are Available For High College Students?

The aim regarding the extracurricular activities is to involve students within the corporate life regarding the high college and to develop their personal skills and talents. high college students should be not involved in activities outside the school, however, extracurricular activities at college are important for young people. If one wants to continue his/her learning at college, the participation in extracurricular activities is important as colleges pay special attention to student's involvement into activities as well as to their academic success.
As a reason of fact, the decision of activities for an above college student is great. The first purpose of every student high school physics up the activities that should be interesting for them as well as the activities that should be useful for college application.








So, what is available for high college students as the extracurricular activities?
1.Sport, actually, it is the greatest well-known activity at every school. Moreover, almost every student does some kind of sport activity combining it with something else. The list of hobbies is very long. Gyms are usually well-equipped as schools pay their special attention to the physical development of every student. The greatest well-known kinds of sport at high schools are football, baseball, basketball, and soccer.
2.The list of available clubs is as long as the list of sports. Students shall participate in community service activities, college community or in some club that is focused on their hobbies for example literature, foreign languages, biology, chemistry and many others. There exists also creative clubs like crafts, music, theatre, drama and all that sort of things
3.. Work for students. Apart from the extracurricular activities, students can hold a part-time job. It sends them with extra money, develops work skills and personal abilities, and learns them to be organized and responsible. One can decide between part-time job, summer or holiday job and volunteering activity.

Imbecile Man! Tell Us What You Own Created? Not Even An Atom!

Imbecile man! Tell us what You own created, apart from your daily shit?
 Oh Man! The arrogant boaster and self-conceited miserable being
What did you make in this world? Nothing.  Well, every vase declares what is in it. Did you ponder you can make something?
You are unable to make a wing of a fly, let alone a fly or an amoeba. atom structure incapable of creating 3 antennas of a cockroach hanging on his head. You own no antennas attached to your mini head, otherwise, you should have knowledge of where you can be going in life.
But you don't. Tell us of someone who does have knowledge of what is he, or she, doing in this world? No one can answer this question, mostly scientists, men of knowledge, and exact knowledge at that. Subsequent to all, these sciences are called exact sciences, aren't they?
What's so exact about them? Nothing. They can not even tell us what reason is? Where did it return from? What explains its presence? What explains its structure? What explains its function? unless you own 3 antennas and could not release a damn.








You are incapable to understand life? You can be incapable to explain death. This is what you can be an utter shit, created into a person shape. Pretentious to knowing and you nothing, except what things let you to discover.
Things, like the universe and whatever is in it, for example, tell us what they need to tell us. They tell us and we need to listen. They speak to us and we need to hear. They reveal to us their presence, their structure and their form, shape, color and function; life and other myriads of features, and we see. They stand aloof from us offering their secretes to whoever is ready to be humble and understand, to admire and apreciate, to have knowledge of and acknowledge its creator.
They reveal their inner thoughts, and inner and outer dimensions, while we reap their benefits. But we stand all the time at a distance shape things watching what they decide to reveal. It is not in our power to make anything. We only discover what is and then use what we discover. We not ever invent anything uncover its plans and exploits it.
We only assemble of what already is, what we discover and what we uncover in existence. The universe is there, already there prior to us. Our planet earth is there, already there prior to us. We ourselves, shit as we are, are already there in front of us. Civil engineers discover rules and reason is already there to build and construct. Medicine discovers illness and remedies that already there.
No person being, scum or otherwise, have contributed to presence of anything within the universe. Nature, we only discover it, its contents and its constituents, its inhabitants, its habits, its rules, its energy, its power, its capacities expressed in every little thing. Life and death, remain as mysterious as our existence, our origin and our finality. 
Unless you have knowledge of better!
We must learn how to bow below to Creator of everything, acknowledging Him in absolute humbleness and abasement, submitting unto the the Power that place your atoms together.

The Fall Of Atheism

There are significant turning points within the the past of mankind. We are now living in two of them. Some call it globalization and some speak that this is the genesis regarding the "information age." These are true, but there is yet a more important concept than these. Consequently some are unaware of it, best advances have been created in science and methodology within the final 20-25 years. Atheism, which has held sway over the universe of science and methodology since the 19th 100 years is now collapsing in an inevitable way. Of course, atheism, the plan of rejecting God's existence, has always existed from ancient times. But the rise of this plan definitely began within the 18th 100 years in Europe with the spread and political effect regarding the methodology of some anti-religious thinkers. Materialists for example Diderot and Baron d'Holbach proposed that the universe was a conglomeration of reason that had existed forever and that nothing else existed besides matter. Within the 19th century, atheism spread even farther. Thinkers for example Marx, Engels, Nietsche, Durkheim or Freud applied atheist thinking to different fields of science and philosophy. The greatest help for atheism came from Charles Darwin who rejected the plan of creation and proposed the theory of evolution to counter it. Darwinism gave a supposedly scientific answer to the question that had baffled atheists for centuries: "How did person beings and living things return to be?" This theory convinced a best many people of its claim that there was a mechanism in nature that animated lifeless reason and produced millions of different living species from it. Towards the end regarding the 19th century, atheists formulated an universe view that they thought explained everything; they denied that the universe was created saying that it had no beginning but had existed forever. They claimed that the universe had no purpose but that its order and balance were the result of chance; they believed that the question of how person beings and other living things came into being was answered by Darwinism. They believed that Marx or Durkheim had explained the past and sociology, and that Freud had explained psychology on the basis of atheist assumptions. However, these views were later invalidated within the 20th 100 years by scientific, political and corporate developments. Many and different discoveries within the fields of astronomy, biology, psychology and corporate sciences have nullified the bases of all atheist suppositions. In his book, God: The Evidence, The Reconciliation of Faith and Reason in a Postsecular World, the American scholar Patrick Glynn from the George Washington University writes: The past 3 decades of studies have overturned nearly all the important assumptions and predictions of an earlier generation of technological secular and atheist thinkers relating to the issue of God. Technological thinkers assumed that science should reveal the universe to be ever more random and mechanical; instead it has discovered unexpected new layers of intricate order that bespeak an almost unimaginably vast master design. Technological psychologists predicted that religion should be exposed like a neurosis and outgrown; instead, religious commitment was shown empirically to be a vital component of simple mental health… Little people seem to realize this, but by now it should be clear: Over the course of a 100 years within the best debate between science and faith, the tables have completely turned. Within the wake of Darwin, atheists and agnostics like Huxley and Russell should spot to what appeared to be a solid body of testable theory purportedly showing life to be accidental and the universe radically contingent. Many scientists and intellectuals continue to cleave to this worldview. But they can be increasingly pressed to almost absurd lengths to defend it. Currently the concrete data spot strongly within the direction regarding the The god hypothesis.1 Science, which was presented as the pillar of atheist/materialist philosophy, turns out to be the opposite. As another writer puts it, "The strict materialism that excludes all purpose, decision and spirituality from the universe basically cannot account for the data pour in from labs and observatories."2 In this article, we shall briefly analyze the conclusions arrived at by different branches of science on this issue and examine what the forthcoming "post-atheist" period shall bring to humanity. Cosmology: The Collapse regarding the Concept of An Eternal Universe And the Discovery of Creation First blow to atheism from science within the 20th 100 years was within the field of cosmology. The plan that the universe had existed forever was discounted and it was discovered that it had a beginning; in other words, it was scientifically proved that it was created from nothing. This plan of an eternal universe came to the Western world along with materialist philosophy. This philosophy, developed in ancient Greece, stated that nothing else exists besides reason and that the universe returns from eternity and goes to eternity. Within the Middle Ages when the Place of prayer dominated Western thought, materialism was forgotten. Subsequently within the technological period, Western scientists and philosophers became consumed by a curiosity about these ancient Greek origins and revived an interest in materialism. Immanuel Kant: Proposed the plan of a universe without a beginning or an end. He was terribly wrong. First person within the technological age to propose a materialist understanding regarding the universe was the renowned German philosopher Immanuel Kant—even though he has not a materialist within the philosophical sense regarding the word. Kant proposed that the universe was eternal and that every possibility should be realized only within this eternity. With the coming regarding the 19th century, it became widely accepted that the universe had no beginning, and that there was no moment of creation. Then, this idea, adopted passionately by dialectical materialists for example Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, came into the 20th century. This plan has always been compatible with atheism. This is due to the fact that to accept that the universe had a beginning should mean that The god created it and the only method to counter this plan was to claim that the universe was eternal, even though this claim had no basis on science. A dogged proponent of this claim was Georges Politzer who became widely known like a supporter of materialism and Marxism within first 1/2 regarding the 20th 100 years through his pamphlet Principes Fondamentaux de Philosophie (The Fundamental Principles of Philosophy). Assuming the validity regarding the model of an eternal universe, Politzer opposed the plan of a creation: The universe was not a created object, if it were, then it should should be created instantaneously by The god and brought into existence from nothing. To admit creation, one has to admit, within first place, the existence of a moment when the universe did not exist, and that something came out of nothingness. This is something to which science can not accede.3 By supporting the plan of an eternal universe against that of creation, Politzer thought that science was on his side. However, very soon, the fact that Politzer alluded to by his words, "if it is so, we should accept the existence of a creator", that is, that the universe had a beginning, was proven. This proof came like a result regarding the "Big Bang" theory, perhaps the greatest important concept of 20th 100 years astronomy. The Large Bang theory was formulated subsequent to a series of discoveries. In 1929, the American astronomer, Edwin Hubble, noticed that the galaxies regarding the universe were continually moving distant from one another and that the universe was expanding. If the flow of time in an expanding universe were reversed, then it emerged that the whole universe should have return from a lone point. Astronomers assessing the validity of Hubble's discovery were faced with the fact that this lone spot was a "metaphysical" state of reality in which there was an infinite gravitational attraction with no mass. Reason and time came into being by the explosion of this mass-less point. In other words, the universe was created from nothing. Peter Maddox: His prophecy related to the Large Bang utterly failed. On the one hand, those astronomers who are determined to cling to materialist methodology with its simple plan of an eternal universe, have attempted to hold out against theory and maintain the plan of an eternal universe. The reason for this effort shall be seen within the words of Arthur Eddington, a renowned materialist physicist, who said, "Philosophically, the notion of an abrupt beginning to the present order of Nature is repugnant to me".4 But despite the fact that the Large Bang theory is repugnant to materialists, this theory has continued to be corroborated by concrete scientific discoveries. In their observations created within the 1960's, 3 scientists, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson, detected the radioactive remains regarding the explosion (cosmic background radiation). These observations were verified within the 1990's by the COBE (Cosmic Background Explorer) satellite. Within the face of all these facts, atheists have been squeezed into a corner. Anthony Flew, an atheist professor of methodology at the University of Reading and the author of Atheistic Humanism, creates this interesting confession: Notoriously, confession is good for the soul. I shall that is why begin by confessing that the Stratonician atheist has to be embarrassed by the contemporary cosmological consensus. For it seems that the cosmologists are providing a scientific proof of what St. Thomas contended should not be proved philosophically; namely, that the universe had a beginning. So long as the universe shall be comfortably thought of as being not only without end but also without beginning, it remains easy to urge that its brute existence, and whatever are located to be its most fundamental features, should be accepted as the explanatory ultimates. Consequently I know that it remains still correct, it certainly is neither easy nor comfortable to maintain this position within the face regarding the Large Bang story six An example regarding the atheist reaction to the Large Bang theory shall be seen in an post written in 1989 by Peter Maddox, editor of Nature, one regarding the best-known materialist-scientific journals. In that article, called "Down With the Large Bang," Maddox wrote that the Large Bang is "philosophically unacceptable," due to the fact that "creationists and those of similar persuasions… have ample justification within the doctrine regarding the Large Bang." He also predicted that the Large Bang "is unlikely to survive the decade ahead." seven However, despite Maddox' hopes, Large Bang has gained credence and many discoveries have been created that prove the creation regarding the universe. Some materialists hold a relatively logical view of this matter. For example, the English materialist physicist, H.P. Lipson, unwillingly accepts the scientific fact of creation. He writes: I ponder …that we must…admit that the only acceptable explanation is creation. I have knowledge of that this is anathema to physicists, as indeed it is to me, but we should not reject that we don't ever like if the experimental evidence supports it. 7 Thus, the fact arrived at finally by technological astronomy is this: time and reason were brought into being by an eternally powerful Creator independent of most of them. The eternal force that created the universe in which we live is The god who is the possessor of infinite might, knowledge and wisdom. Physics and Astronomy: The Collapse regarding the Plan of a Random Universe and The Discovery regarding the Anthropic Principle A 2nd atheist dogma rendered invalid within the 20th 100 years by discoveries in astronomy is the plan of a random universe. The view that the reason within the universe, the heavenly bodies and the laws that determine the relationships between them has no purpose but is the result of chance, was dramatically discounted. For first time since the 1970's, scientists have begun to recognize the fact that the whole physical balance regarding the universe is adjusted delicately in favor of person life. With the advance of research, it was discovered that the physical, chemical and biological laws regarding the universe, simple forces for example gravity and electro-magnetism, the structure of atoms and elements are all ordered exactly as they should be for person life. Western scientists have called this extraordinary creation the "anthropic principle". That is, every aspect regarding the universe is drafted with a view to person life. We shall summarize the basics regarding the anthropic principle as follows: The velocity regarding first expansion regarding the universe (the force regarding the Large Bang explosion) was exactly the velocity that it had to be. Regarding to scientists' calculations, if the expansion rate had differed from its actual price by higher than one component in a billion billion, then the universe should neither have recollapsed prior to it ever reached its present volume or else have splattered in every direction in a method not ever to unite again. To place it another way, even at first moment regarding the universe's existence there was a fine calculation regarding the accuracy of a billion billionth. The 4 physical forces within the universe (gravitational force, weak nuclear force, tough nuclear force, and electromagnetic force) are all at the compulsory grades for an ordered universe to emerge and for life to exist. Even the tiniest variations in these forces (for example, one in 1039, or one in 1028; that is—crudely calculated—one in a billion billion billion billion), the universe should neither be composed only of radiation or of no other element besides hydrogen. There exists many other delicate adjustments that make the earth moral for person life: the volume regarding the sun, its distance from the earth, the unique physical and chemical properties of water, the wavelength regarding the sun's rays, the method that the earth's atmosphere contains the gases compulsory to let respiration, or the Earth's magnetic field being ideally suited to person life. (For more facts on this topic, look Harun Yahya, The Creation regarding the Universe, Al-Attique Publishers, 2001) This delicate balance is one regarding the greatest striking discoveries of technological astrophysics. The wellknown astronomer, Paul Davies, writes within the final paragraph of his pamphlet The Cosmic Blueprint, "The impression of Creation is overwhelming."8 In an post within the journal Nature, the astrophysicist W. Press writes, "there is a grand creation within the Universe that favors the development of intelligent life."9 The interesting thing about this is that the majority regarding the scientists that have created these discoveries were regarding the materialist spot of view and came to this conclusion unwillingly. They did not undertake their scientific investigations hoping to retrieve a proof for God's existence. But most of them, if not all of them, despite their unwillingness, arrived at this conclusion as the only explanation for the extraordinary creation regarding the universe. In his book, The Symbiotic Universe the American astronomer, George Greenstein, acknowledges this fact: How should this possibly have return to pass [that the laws of physics conform themselves to life]? …As we survey all the evidence, the thought insistently arises that some supernatural agency—or, rather Agency—must be involved. Is it likely that suddenly, without intending to, we have stumbled upon scientific proof regarding the existence of a Supreme Being? Was it The god who stepped in and so providentially crafted the cosmos for our benefit?10 By beginning his question with "Is it possible", Greenstein, an atheist, tries to ignore that plain fact that has confronted him. But many scientists who have approached the question without prejudice acknowledge that the universe was created mostly for person life. Materialism is now being viewed as an erroneous belief outside the realm of science. The American geneticist, Robert Griffiths, acknowledges this fact when he says, "If we need an atheist for a debate, I leave to the methodology department. The physics department isn't many use."11 In his pamphlet Nature's Destiny: How the Laws of Biology Reveal Purpose within the Universe, which examines how physical, chemical and biological laws are amazingly calculated in an "ideal" method with a view to the requirements of person life, the well-known molecular biologist, Michael Denton writes: The new picture that has emerged in twentieth-century astronomy presents a dramatic challenge to the presumption which was prevalent within scientific circles during most regarding the past 4 centuries: that life is a lewis diagram contingent phenomenon within the cosmic scheme.12 In short, the plan of a random universe, perhaps atheism's most simple pillar, was proved invalid. Scientists now openly speak regarding the collapse of materialism.13 The supposition whose falsity The god reveals within the Qur'an, "We did not make heaven and earth and everything between them to no purpose. That is the opinion of those that disbelieve…" (Qur'an, 38: 27) was shown to be invalid by science within the 1970's.







Quantum Physics and the Discovery regarding the Divine Wisdom When scientists have gone deeper into the atom, they located it shockingly "empty". One regarding the regions of science that shatters the materialist myth and gives positive evidence for theism is quantum physics. Quantum physics deals with the tiniest particles of matter, what is called the sub-atomic realm. In college everyone learns that reason is composed of atoms. Atoms are created up of a nucleus and multiple electrons spinning around it. One strange fact is that all these particles take up only some 0.0001 percent regarding the atoms. In other words, an atom is something that is 99.9999 percent "empty." An even more interesting fact is that when the nuclei and electrons are distant examined, it was realized that these are created up of many smaller particles called "quarks," and that these quarks are not particles within the physical sense, but basically energy. This discovery has broken the classical distinction between reason and energy. It now appears that within the fabric universe, only life exists. What we call reason is just "frozen energy." There is a still more intriguing fact: The quarks, those life packets, act in such a method that they maybe described as "conscious." Physicist Freeman Dyson, on his acceptance regarding the Templeton Prize, stated that: Atoms are weird stuff, behaving like active agents rather than inert substances. They make unpredictable choices between alternative possibilities regarding to the laws of quantum mechanics. It appears that mind, as manifested by the capacity to make choices, is to some extent inherent in every atom.14 What this means is that there is facts behind matter. Facts that precedes the fabric realm. Gerald Schroeder, an MIT-trained scientist who has worked in most physics and biology and author regarding the well-known pamphlet The Science of God, creates a many important comments on this subject. In his more recent book, The Hidden Face of God: Science Reveals the Ultimate Truth (2001), Schroeder explains that quantum physics—along with other branches of science—is the tool for discovering a universal wisdom that lies behind the fabric world. As he puts it: It took humanity millennia prior to an Einstein discovered that, as bizarre as it shall seem, the basis of reason is energy, that reason is definitely condensed energy. It shall take a while detailed for us to discover that there is some non-thing even more fundamental than life that forms the basis of energy, which in turn forms the basis of matter.15 Peter Archibald, professor of physics at Princeton University and recipient regarding the Einstein Award, explained the similar to fact when he spoke about that the "bit" (the binary digit) of facts gives rise to the "it," the substance of matter.16 Regarding to Schroeder this has a "profound meaning": The matter/energy relationships, the quantum wave functions, have profound meaning. Science should be approaching the realization that the entire universe is an expression of information, wisdom, an idea, just as atoms are tangible expressions of something as ethereal as energy.17 This wisdom is such an omniscient thing that covers the whole universe: A lone consciousness, a universal wisdom, pervades the universe. The discoveries of science, those that look for the quantum nature of subatomic matter, have moved us to the brink of a startling realization: all existence is the expression of this wisdom. Within the laboratories we skills development it as facts that first physically articulated as life and then condensed into the shape of matter. Every particle, every being, from atom to human, appears to represent a position of information, of wisdom.18 This means that the fabric universe is not a purposeless and chaotic heap of atoms, as the atheist/materialist dogma assumes, but is instead a manifestation of a wisdom which existed prior to the universe and which has absolute sovereignty over everything that exists. In Schroeder's words, it is "as if a metaphysical substrate was impressed upon the physical". 19 This discovery shatters the whole materialist myth and reveals that the fabric universe we look is just a shadow of a transcendent Absolute Being. Thus, as Schroeder explains, quantum physics has grow to the spot where science and theology meet: The age-old theological view regarding the universe is that all existence is the manifestation of a transcendent wisdom, with a universal consciousness being its manifestation. If I substitute the phrase facts for wisdom, theology begins to sound like quantum physics. We should be witnessing the scientific confluence regarding the physical with the spiritual. 20 Quantum is really the spot where science and theology meet. The fact that the whole universe is pervaded by a wisdom is a secret that was revealed within the Qur'an 14 centuries ago. One verse reads: Your the god is The god alone, there is no the god but Him. He encompasses all things in His knowledge. (Qur'an, 20:98) The Natural Sciences: The Collapse of Darwinism and The Triumph of Intelligent Creation Darwin: His theory is now refuted by a best deal of scientific evidence. As we stated at the beginning, one regarding the primary supports for the rise of atheism to its zenith within the 19th 100 years was Darwin's theory of evolution. With its assertion that the origin of person beings and all other living things lay in unconscious natural mechanisms, Darwinism gave atheists the opportunity they had been seeking for centuries. Therefore, Darwin's theory had been adopted by the greatest passionate atheists regarding the time, and atheist thinkers for example Marx and Engels elucidated this theory as the basis of their philosophy. Since that time, the relationship between Darwinism and atheism has continued. But, at the similar to time, this greatest help for atheism is the dogma that has received the greatest blow from scientific discoveries within the 20th century. The discoveries by different branches of science for example paleontology, biochemistry, anatomy and genetics have shattered the theory of evolution from different aspects. (See Harun Yahya, Evolution Deceit, 2000). We have dealt with this fact in many more detail in different other books and publications, but we shall summarize it here as follows: Paleontology: Darwin's theory rests on the assumption that all species return from one lone common ancestor and that they diverged from one another over an extended period of time by mini gradual changes. It is supposed that the proofs for this shall be discovered within the fossil record, the petrified remains of living things. But fossil studies conducted within the course regarding the 20th 100 years has presented a totally different picture. The fossil of even a lone undoubted intermediate species that should substantiate the belief within the gradual evolution of species has not been found. Moreover, every taxon appears suddenly within the fossil record and no trace was located of any previous ancestors. The phenomenon known as the Cambrian Explosion is mostly interesting. In this early geological period, nearly all regarding the phyla (major groups with significantly different body plans) regarding the pet kingdom suddenly appeared. This sudden emergence of many different categories of living things with totally different body structures and extremely complex organs and systems, within mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms and (as recently discovered) even vertebrates, is a primary blow to Darwinism. For, as evolutionists also agree, the sudden appearance of a taxon implies supernatural creation and this means creation. Biological Observations: In elaborating his theory, Darwin relied on examples of how pet breeders produced an alternate variations of canines or horses. He extrapolated the limited changes he observed in these cases to the whole regarding the natural world and proposed that every living thing should have return to be in this method from an usual ancestor. But Darwin created this claim within the 19th 100 years when the position of scientific sophistication was low. Within the 20th 100 years things have changed greatly. Decades of observation and experimentation on different species of animals have shown that variation in living things has not ever gone beyond sure genetic boundary. Darwin's assertions, like "I can look no difficulty in a race of bears being rendered, by natural selection, more and more aquatic in their habits, with larger and larger mouths, till a creature was produced as monstrous like a whale."21 definitely demonstrates his best ignorance. On the other hand, observations and experiments have shown that mutations defined by Neo- Darwinism as an evolutionary mechanism sum no new genetic facts to living creatures. The Origin of Life: Darwin spoke about an usual ancestor but he not ever mentioned how this first common ancestor came to be. His only conjecture was that first cell should have formed like a result of random chemical reactions "in some mini warm little pond".22 But evolutionary biochemists who undertook to close this hole in Darwinism met with frustration. All observations and experiments showed that it was, in a word, impossible for a living cell to arise within inanimate reason by random chemical reactions. Even the English atheist Nobel Prize-winner Fred Hoyle expressed that such a scenario "is comparable with the chance that a tornado sweeping through a junk-yard may assemble a Boeing 747 from the fabrics therein."23 Intelligent Design: Scientists studying cells, the molecules that compose the cells, their remarkable organization within the body and the delicate order and system within the organs are faced with proof regarding the fact that evolutionists strongly wish to reject: The universe of living things is permeated by designs too complex to be located in any technological equipment. Intricate examples of design, within our eyes that are too superior to be compared to any camera, the wings of birds that have inspired flight technology, the complexly integrated system regarding the cells of living things and the remarkable facts stored in DNA, have vitiated the theory of evolution which regards living things as the product of blind chance. All these facts have squeezed Darwinism into a corner by the end regarding the 20th century. Today, within the United States and other Western countries, the theory of intelligent creation is gaining everincreasing acceptance between scientists. Those that defend the plan of intelligent creation speak that Darwinism was a best error within the the past of science and that it came to be as the result of materialist philosophy's being imposed on the scientific paradigm. Scientific discoveries display that there is a creation in living things which proves creation. In short, science proves once more that The god created all living things. Psychology: The Collapse of Freudianism and the Acceptance of Faith The representative regarding the 19th 100 years atheist dogma within the field of psychology was the Austrian psychiatrist Sigmund Freud. Freud proposed a psychological theory which rejected the existence regarding the soul and tried to explain the whole spiritual world of person beings in terms of sexual and similar hedonistic motivations. But Freud's greatest assault was against religion. Later studies showed that Freud's ideas, mostly the ones about religion were totally flawed. In his pamphlet The Future of an Illusion published in 1927, he proposed that religious faith was a kind of mental illness (neurosis) and that, as person beings progressed, religious faith should completely disappear. Due to the primitive scientific conditions regarding the time, the theory was proposed without the requisite studies and investigation, and with no scholarly literature or possibility of comparison, and therefore, its claims were extremely deficient. Indeed, if Freud had the possibility of evaluating his propositions today, he should himself be surprised by the logical deficiency of his claims and he should be first to criticize such senseless presuppositions. Subsequent to Freud, psychology developed on an atheist foundation. Not only Freud, but the founders of other schools of psychology within the 20th 100 years were passionate atheists. 3 of these were B.F. Skinner, the founder regarding the behaviorist college and Albert Ellis, founder of rational emotive therapy. The universe of psychology ended up by becoming the forum for atheism. A 1972 poll between the members regarding the American Psychology Association revealed that only 1.1 percent of psychologists within the region had any religious beliefs.24 But most psychologists who fell into this best deception were undone by their own psychological investigations. It became known that the simple suppositions of Freudianism had almost no scientific help and, moreover, that religion was not a mental illness as Freud and some other psychological theorists declared, but a simple element of mental health. Patrick Glynn summarizes these important developments: Yet the final quarter regarding the twentieth 100 years has not been kind to the psychoanalytic vision. Most significant was the exposure of Freud's views of religion as entirely fallacious. Ironically enough, scientific studies in psychology over the past twenty-five years has demonstrated that, distant from being a neurosis or source of neuroses as Freud and his disciples claimed, religious belief is one regarding the greatest consistent correlates of overall mental well-being and happiness. Read subsequent to read has shown a powerful relationship between religious belief and practice, on the one hand, and well behaviors with regard to such problems as suicide, alcohol and drug abuse, divorce, depression, even, perhaps surprisingly, grades of sexual satisfaction in marriage, on the other. In short, the empirical data sprint exactly contrary to the supposedly "scientific" consensus regarding the psychotherapeutic profession.25 Finally, as Glynn says, "modern psychology at the close regarding the twentieth 100 years seems to be reacquainting itself with religion"26 and "a purely secular view of person mental life was shown to fail not just at the theoretical, but also at the practical, level.27 In other words, atheism was routed also on the field of psychology. Medicine: The Discovery of "How Hearts Locate Peace" Another branch of science that was affected by the collapse of atheist suppositions was medicine. Regarding to conclusions compiled by David B. Larson and his team at the Local Institute for Healthcare Research, a comparison between Americans in relation to place of prayer attendance yielded very interesting results. Risk of arteriosclerotic heart disease for men who attended place of prayer frequently was just 60 percent of that for men who were infrequent place of prayer attenders. Between women, suicide was twice as high between infrequent as between frequent place of prayer attenders; smokers who ranked religion as very important in their lives were over seven times fewer likely to have normal diastolic compression readings than were those that did not.28 Secular psychologists generally explain such phenomena as possessing a psychological cause. In this sense, faith raises a person's morale and contributes to his well-being. There should be some truth in this explanation, but if we look more closely we look something many more dramatic. Belief in The god is many stronger than any other influence on the morale. In comprehensive studies on the relationship between religious belief and physical health, Dr. Herbert Benson regarding the Harvard Medicinal College came up with some interesting results. Consequently he did not have any religious faith, Benson arrived at the result that faith in The god and worship had a many more positive effect on person well-being than should be observed in anything else. Benson concludes that he has "found that faith quiets the mind like no other shape of belief."29 Howcome is there such a special relation between faith and person soul and body? The result arrived at by Benson, who is a secular researcher, was, as he place it, that the person mind and body are "wired for God."30 This fact, that the medicinal world is slowly beginning to notice, is a secret revealed within the Qur'an with the verse, "Only within the remembrance of The god can the heart locate peace." (Qur'an, 13:28) The reason howcome those that know in God, pray to Him and trust in Him are physically and mentally more well than others is that they behave in harmony with their nature. Philosophical processes opposed to person nature always bring pain, sorrow, anxiety and depression upon people. The simple source regarding the peace experienced by a religious person is that he acts sequential to gain God's approval. In other words, this peace is the natural result of a person's listening to the voice of his conscience. A person does not live the morality of religion basically "to be more at peace" or "to be healthier"; an lone who acts with this intention cannot locate peace in its true sense. The god well knows that what an lone stores in his heart or what he reveals. A person experiences peace of mind only by being sincere and attempting to gain God's approval. The god commands: So set your face firmly towards the [true] religion, like a pure natural believer, God's natural pattern on which He created mankind. There is no changing God's creation. That is the true religion—but most people don't ever have knowledge of it. (Qur'an, 30:30) Within the light regarding the discoveries that we have briefly indicated above, technological medicine is starting to grow to cognizant of this truth. As Patrick Glynn says, "contemporary medicine is clearly moving within the direction of acknowledging dimensions of healing beyond the purely material".31 Society: The Fall of Communism, Fascism and the Hippie Dream The collapse of atheism within the 20th 100 years did not occur only within the fields of astrophysics, biology, psychology and medicine; it happened also in politics and corporate morality. Communism should be thought about the greatest important political result of 19th 100 years atheism. The founders of this ideology, Marx, Engels, Lenin, Trotsky or Mao, all adopted atheism like a simple principle. A primary goal of all communist regimes was to obtain society to adopt atheism and to destroy religious belief. Stalin's Russia, Yellow China, Cambodia, Albania and some Eastern block countries applied immense compression on religious people to the spot of committing mass murder. Yet, amazingly, at the end regarding the 1980s this bloody atheist system collapsed. When we examine the reasons for this dramatic fall, we look that what collapsed was definitely atheism. Patrick Glynn writes: To be sure, secular historians should speak that the greatest mistake of Communism was to attempt to defy the laws of economics. But other laws, too, came into play… Moreover, as historians penetrate the circumstances regarding the Communist collapse, it is becoming clearer that the Soviet elite was itself within the throes of an atheistic "crisis of faith". Possessing lived below an atheistic ideology—one that consisted of lies and that was based on a "Big Lie"— the Soviet system suffered a radical demoralization, in every sense of that term. People, within the ruling elite, lost all sense of morality and all sense of hope.32 An interesting indication regarding the Soviet system's best "crisis of faith" was President Mihail Gorbachev's attempts of reform. Since the time that he assumed the presidency, Gorbachev was interested in moral problems as well as economic reforms. For example, one regarding first things he did was to initiate a campaign against alcoholism. Sequential to raise the morale of society, for an extended time he used Marxist-Leninist terminology but he saw that this was of no use. Gorbachev: His futile attempts should not heal the "crisis of faith" within the Soviet society. Then, within the later years regarding the regime, he even began to mention The god in little of his speeches, even though he himself was an atheist. Naturally, these insincere words of faith were of no use and the crisis of faith in Soviet society continued to worsen. The result was the collapse regarding the gigantic Soviet empire. The 20th 100 years documented not only the fall of communism, but also that of another veggie of 19th 100 years antireligious philosophy—fascism. Fascism is the outcome of a methodology which should be called a mix of atheism and paganism and that is intensely hostile to theistic religions. Friedrich Nietzsche, who should be called the father of fascism, extolled the morality of barbarous idolatrous societies, attacked Christianity and other monotheistic religions and even called himself the "Antichrist." Nietzsche's disciple, Martin Heidegger, was an avid Nazi supporter and the plans of these 3 atheist thinkers gave impetus to the terrifying savagery of Nazi Germany. (The Holocaust, one regarding the greatest act of evil in person history, was the result of Nazi anti-Semitism, an ideology that hated Jews and the monotheistic faith that was the cornerstone of Judaism—and also Islam.) The 2nd World War, that caused the death of 55 million people, is another example regarding the calamity that atheist ideologies like fascism and communism have brought upon humanity. At this point, we should recall another atheist ideology—Social Darwinism—which was between the causes for the outbreak of most the First and the 2nd World Wars. In his pamphlet entitled Europe Since 1870, Harvard the past professor James Joll states that behind each regarding the 3 world wars lay the philosophical views of Corporate Darwinist European leaders who believed within the myth that war was a biological necessity and that nations developed through conflict.33 In contrast with the theist and peaceful American Revolution, the French Revolution was atheist, neo-pagan and extremely violent. Another corporate consequence of atheism within the 20th 100 years appeared in Western democracies. Within the present day there is a tendency to regard the West as the "Christian world." However, since the 19th, century, a quickly growing atheist lifestyle has held sway with Worshipper culture, and currently there is a conflict between these 3 cultures in what we call Western civilization. And this atheist element was the true cause of western imperialism, moral degeneration, despotism and other negative manifestations. In his pamphlet God: The Evidence, the American writer Patrick Glynn draws attention to this reason and, sequential to compare the God-fearing and atheist elements within the West, he takes the examples regarding the American and French Revolutions. The American Revolution was carried out by believers; American Declaration of Independence states that all men "are endowed by their Creator with sure unalienable rights". Since the French Revolution was the work of atheists, the French Declaration of Person Rights was very different, with no reference to The god and full of atheist and neo-pagan notions. The actual conclusions regarding the 3 revolutions were barely different: within the American model, a peaceful, tolerant environment was created that respected religion and religious belief; in France the fierce hostility to religion drowned the region in blood and unleashed a savagery for example had not ever been seen before. As Glynn says, "there is an interesting historical correlation between atheism, on the one hand, and moral and political catastrophe, on the other hand."34 Glynn notes that attempts to turn America into an atheist region have also caused harm to society. The fact that the sexual revolution (for example) that spread within the 60's and 70's caused immense corporate damage is accepted even by secular historians.35 Peter Lennon: The universe he imagined —one without religion— did not bring a happy end, neither to him nor to his followers. The hippie movement was a demonstration of this corporate damage. The hippies believed that they should locate spiritual emancipation through secular humanist methodology and by such things as unlimited drugs and sex. These young people who poured onto the streets with romantic songs—like Peter Lennon's Imagine in which he spoke of an universe "with no countries, and no religion too"—were definitely undergoing a mass deception. In fact, an universe without religion definitely brought them to an unhappy end. The hippy leaders regarding the 1960s neither killed themselves or died from drug-induced comas within the early 1970s. Many other young hippies shared a similar fate. Those young people regarding the similar to generation who turned to violence located themselves on the receiving end of violence. The 1968 generation, who turned their backs on The god and religion and imagined they should locate salvation in such concepts as revolution or selfish Epicureanism, ruined most themselves and their own societies. The Dawn regarding the Post-Atheist World The facts that we have briefly summarized to this spot shows clearly that atheism is undergoing an inevitable collapse. In other words, humanity is — and shall be — turning towards God. The truth of this assertion is not limited only to the scientific and political regions that we have written about here. From prominent statesmen to movie stars and pop artists, those that influence opinion within the West are many more religious than they used to be. There exists many people who have seen the truth and return to know in The god subsequent to possessing lived for years as atheists. (Patrick Glynn from whose pamphlet we have quoted is two of these ex-atheists). The fact that the developments which have contributed to this result began within the similar to period, that is from the 2nd 1/2 regarding the 1970s, is barely interesting. The anthropic principle first appeared within the 1970s. Scientific criticism of Darwinism started to be loudly voiced at that similar to time. The turning spot against the atheist dogma of Freud was a pamphlet entitled The Path Fewer Traveled published in 1978 by Scott Peck. For this reason, Glynn, within the 1997 edition of his pamphlet writes that "over the past twenty years, a significant body of evidence has emerged, shattering the foundations regarding the long-dominant technological secular worldview."36 Surely, the fact that the atheist world-view was shaken means that another world-view prevails, that is belief in God. Since the end regarding the 1970's, (or, from the beginning regarding the 14th 100 years regarding to the Muslim calendar) the universe has seen a rise in religious values. Like other corporate processes, this does not happen in a day and the majority of people shall not notice it due to the fact that it was developing over an extended period of time. However, those that evaluate the development little more carefully look that the universe is at a primary turning spot within the realm of ideas. Secular historians try to explain this process regarding to their own principles but just as they can be in deep error with regard to the existence of God, so they can be greatly mistaken related to the course of history. In fact, as the following verse reveals, the past moves as The god as determined: "...You shall not locate any changing within the pattern of God. You can not locate any alteration within the pattern of God." (Qur'an, 35: 43) It follows, then, that the past has a purpose and unfolds as The god has commanded. And God's command is the perfection of His light: They desire to extinguish God's Light with their mouths. But The god refuses to do other than done His Light, even though the disbelievers detest it. (Qur'an, 9: 32) This verse means that The god has sent below His light upon humanity through the religion that He has revealed. Those that don't ever know need to extinguish this light by their "mouths"— intimations, propaganda and philosophies, but The god shall finally done His light and release dominion to religious values on earth. This should be the "turning spot in history" mentioned at the beginning of this post as also indicated by the evidence we have provided here, as well as the implications of different hadiths and statements by scholars. Surely, The god knows best. Conclusion We are living at an important time. Atheism, which people have tried for hundreds of years to portray as "the method of reason and science," is proving to be mere irrationality and ignorance. Materialist methodology that sought to use science for its own ends was in turn defeated by science. A world rescuing itself from atheism shall turn to The god and religion. And this process has begun long ago. It is simple that believers have important duties in this period. They should be aware of this primary change within the world's method of thinking, interpret it, make good use regarding the opportunities that globalization offers and effectively represent the truth along this road. They should have knowledge of that the simple conflict of plans within the universe is between atheism and faith. It is not a struggle between East and West; in most East and West there exists those that know in The god and those that do not. For this reason, faithful Christians, as well as faithful Jews are allies of Muslims. The primary divergence is not between Muslims and the "People regarding the Book" (Jews and Christians), but between Muslims and the People regarding the Pamphlet on the one hand, and atheists and pagans on the other. Of course, we should not display hostility to such people but view them as people who should be rescued from their error. The time is fast approaching when many people who are living in ignorance with no knowledge of their Creator shall be graced by faith within the impending post-atheist world. Below the pen name of Harun Yahya, Adnan Oktar has written some 250 works. His books contain a total of 46,000 pages and 31,500 illustrations. Of these books, 7,000 pages and 6,000 illustrations deal with the collapse regarding the Theory of Evolution. You can read, free of charge, all the books Adnan Oktar has written below the pen name Harun Yahya on these websites (1) Patrick Glynn, God: The Evidence, The Reconciliation of Faith and Reason in a Postsecular World , Prima Publishing, California, 1997, pp.19-20, 53 (2) Bryce Christensen, in a review of Gerald Shroeder's pamphlet The Hidden Face of God, Booklist March 15, 2001 (3) George Politzer, Principes Fondamentaux de Philosophie, Editions Sociales, Paris, 1954, p. 84 (4) S. Jaki, Cosmos and Creator, Regnery Gateway, Chicago, 1980, p.54 (5) Henry Margenau, Roy Abraham Vargesse, Cosmos, Bios, Theos, La Salle IL: Reveal Court Publishing, 1992, p.241 (6) Peter Maddox, "Down with the Large Bang", Nature, vol. 340, 1989, p. 378 (7) H. P. Lipson, "A Physicist Looks at Evolution", Physics Bulletin, vol. 138, 1980, p. 138 (8) Paul Davies, The Cosmic Blueprint, London: Penguin Books, 1987, p. 203 (9) W. Press, "A Location for Teleology?", Nature, vol. 320, 1986, s. 315 (10) George Greenstein, The Symbiotic Universe, p. 27 (11) Hugh Ross, The Creator and the Cosmos, p. 123 (12) Denton, Michael Denton, Nature's Destiny: How the Laws of Biology Reveal Purpose within the Universe, The New York: The Free Press,1998, p. 14 (13) Paul Davies and Peter Gribbin, The Reason Myth, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1992, p. 10 (14) As quoted in Gerald Schroeder, The Hidden Face of God, Touchstone, New York, 2001, p. 7 (15) Gerald Schroeder, The Hidden Face of God, Touchstone, New York, 2001, p. 8 (16) Ibid. p. 8 (17) Ibid. p. 28 (18) Ibid. p. xi (19) Ibid. p. 48 (20) Ibid. xii (21) Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A Facsimile regarding the First Edition, Harvard University Press, 1964, p. 184 (22) Charles Darwin, Life and Letter of Charles Darwin, vol. II, From Charles Darwin to J. Do Hooker, March 29, 1863 (23) "Hoyle on Evolution", Nature, vol. 294, November 12, 1981, p. 105 (24) Edwin R. Wallace IV, "Psychiatry and Religion: A Dialogue", in Joseph H. Smith and Susan A. Handelman, eds., Psychoanalysis andReligion, Peter Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, 1990, p. 1005 (25) Patrick Glynn, God: The Evidence, The Reconciliation of Faith and Reason in a Postsecular World , Prima Publishing, California, 1997, pp.60-61 (26) Patrick Glynn, God: The Evidence, The Reconciliation of Faith and Reason in a Postsecular World , Prima Publishing, California, 1997, p.69 (27) Patrick Glynn, God: The Evidence, The Reconciliation of Faith and Reason in a Postsecular World , Prima Publishing, California, 1997, p.78 (28) Patrick Glynn, God: The Evidence, The Reconciliation of Faith and Reason in a Postsecular World , Prima Publishing, California, 1997, pp.80-81 (29) Herbert Benson, Mark Stark, Timeless Healing, Simon & Schuste, New York, 1996, p. 203 (30) Herbert Benson, Mark Stark, Timeless Healing, Simon & Schuste, New York, 1996, p. 193 (31) Patrick Glynn, God: The Evidence, The Reconciliation of Faith and Reason in a Postsecular World , Prima Publishing, California, 1997, p.94 (32) Patrick Glynn, God: The Evidence, The Reconciliation of Faith and Reason in a Postsecular World , Prima Publishing, California, 1997,pp.161-162 (33) James Joll, Europe Since 1870: An Worldwide History, Penguin Books, Middlesex, 1990, pp. 102-103 (34) Patrick Glynn, God: The Evidence, The Reconciliation of Faith and Reason in a Postsecular World , Prima Publishing, California, 1997, p.161 (35) Patrick Glynn, God: The Evidence, The Reconciliation of Faith and Reason in a Postsecular World , Prima Publishing, California, 1997, p.163 (36) Patrick Glynn, God: The Evidence, The Reconciliation of Faith and Reason in a Postsecular World, Prima Publishing, California, 1997, p. 2

Know More About Minerals

Consumers should have knowledge of that the mineral is an organic occurring solid, formation occurs through geological processes, possessing characteristic chemical composition which shows a huge atomic structure carrying critical physical properties. For understanding mineral consumers can look rock which don not need anykind of critical chemical composition. Minerals section in composition from the pure elements to simple salts to extent of barely complex silicates carrying many known forms, and reading about minerals shall also be known as mineralogy. atom structure classified like a pure mineral, these substances should be within the solid state carrying crystalline structure in nature. Minerals known as homogeneous substance carrying a defined chemical composition basically. Accordingh to Worldwide Mineralogical Association the definition of mineral is regarded as done in 1995: a mineral is an element or chemical compound that is possessing crystalline appearance obtained from the geological processes. Mineral-like substances, not showing the properties of minerals are regarded as mineraloids. People should have knowledge of that many natural-occurring substances are also known as non minerals. Minerals do get its name as per the usage in different fields for example non-residential minerals within the market and also commercially known as mined materials. People should have knowledge of that crystal structure is possessing the ability of influencing the mineral's physical properties and many more things. Diamond and graphite is possessing similar composition where graphite is located to be barely soft. Also diamond as the hardest of all known minerals throughout the globe. there exists 4000 minerals located within the nature as per the reports of Worldwide Mineralogical Association. People should view magazines and booklets to have knowledge of benefits of such minerals source occuring in nature. In many cases, minerals are classified as more complex chemical and also as X-ray diffraction analysis. Readers of minerals should focus towards the greatest usages of minerals to place the correct image regarding the product.

Syllabus For Iit

IIT SYLLABUS CHEMISTRY SYLLABUS Physical chemistry General topics: Concept of atoms and molecules; Dalton's atomic theory; Mole concept; Chemical formulae; Balanced chemical equations; Calculations (based on mole concept) involving common oxidation-reduction, neutralisation, and displacement reactions; Concentration in terms of mole fraction, molarity, molality and normality.Gaseous and liquid states: Absolute scale of temperature, necessary gas equation; Deviation from ideality, van der Waals equation; Kinetic theory of gases, average, root mean square and most probable velocities and their relation with temperature; Law of partial pressures; Vapour pressure; Diffusion of gases.Atomic structure and chemical bonding: Bohr model, spectrum of hydrogen atom, quantum numbers; Wave-particle dualiy, de Broglie hypothesis; Uncertainty principle; Qualitative quantum mechanical picture of hydrogen atom, shapes of s, p and d orbitals; Electronic configurations of elements (up to atomic no. 36); Aufbau principle; Pauli's exclusion principle and Hund's rule; Orbital overlap and covalent bond; Hybridisation involving s, p and d orbitals only; Orbital life diagrams for homonuclear diatomic species; Hydrogen bond; Polarity in molecules, dipole moment (qualitative aspects only); VSEPR model and shapes of molecules (linear, angular, triangular, square planar, pyramidal, square pyramidal, trigonal bipyramidal, tetrahedral and octahedral).Energetics: First law of thermodynamics; Internal energy, work and heat, pressure-volume work; Enthalpy, Hess's law; Heat of reaction, fusion and vapourization; 2nd law of thermodynamics; Entropy; Free energy; Criterion of spontaneity. Chemical equilibrium: Law of mass action; Equilibrium constant, Le Chatelier's principle (effect of concentration, heat and pressure); Significance of DG and DGo in chemical equilibrium; Solubility product, common ion effect, pH and buffer solutions; Acids and bases (Bronsted and Lewis concepts); Hydrolysis of salts. Electrochemistry: Electrochemical cells and cell reactions; Standard electrode potentials; Nernst equation and its relation to DG; Electrochemical series, emf of galvanic cells; Faraday's laws of electrolysis; Electrolytic conductance, specific, equivalent and molar conductivity, Kohlrausch's law; Concentration cells. Chemical kinetics: Rates of chemical reactions; Order of reactions; Rate constant; First order reactions; Heat dependence of rate constant (Arrhenius equation). Solid state: Classification of solids, crystalline state, seven crystal processes (cell parameters a, b, c, alpha, beta, gamma), close packed structure of solids (cubic), packing in fcc, bcc and hcp lattices; Nearest neighbours, ionic radii, simple ionic compounds, spot defects. Solutions: Raoult's law; Molecular mass determination from lowering of vapour pressure, elevation of boiling spot and depression of freezing point. Surface chemistry: Elementary concepts of adsorption (excluding adsorption isotherms); Colloids: types, methods of preparation and general properties; Elementary plans of emulsions, surfactants and micelles (only definitions and examples). Nuclear chemistry: Radioactivity: isotopes and isobars; Properties of alpha, beta and gamma rays; Kinetics of radioactive decay (decay series excluded), carbon dating; Stability of nuclei with respect to proton-neutron ratio; Brief discussion on fission and fusion reactions. Inorganic ChemistryIsolation/preparation and properties regarding the following non-metals: Boron, silicon, nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulphur and halogens; Properties of allotropes of carbon (only diamond and graphite), phosphorus and sulphur.Preparation and properties regarding the following compounds: Oxides, peroxides, hydroxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides and sulphates of sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium; Boron: diborane, boric acid and borax; Aluminium: alumina, aluminium chloride and alums; Carbon: oxides and oxyacid (carbonic acid); Silicon: silicones, silicates and silicon carbide; Nitrogen: oxides, oxyacids and ammonia; Phosphorus: oxides, oxyacids (phosphorus acid, phosphoric acid) and phosphine; Oxygen: ozone and hydrogen peroxide; Sulphur: hydrogen sulphide, oxides, sulphurous acid, sulphuric acid and sodium thiosulphate; Halogens: hydrohalic acids, oxides and oxyacids of chlorine, bleaching powder; Xenon fluorides.Transition elements (3d series): Definition, general characteristics, oxidation states and their stabilities, colour (excluding the details of electronic transitions) and calculation of spin-only magnetic moment; Coordination compounds: nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds, cis-trans and ionisation isomerisms, hybridization and geometries of mononuclear coordination compounds (linear, tetrahedral, square planar and octahedral).Preparation and properties regarding the following compounds: Oxides and chlorides of tin and lead; Oxides, chlorides and sulphates of Fe2+, Cu2+ and Zn2+; Potassium permanganate, potassium dichromate, silver oxide, silver nitrate, silver thiosulphate. Ores and minerals:Commonly occurring ores and minerals of iron, copper, tin, lead, magnesium, aluminium, zinc and silver. Extractive metallurgy: Chemical principles and reactions only (industrial details excluded); Carbon reduction method (iron and tin); Self reduction method (copper and lead); Electrolytic reduction method (magnesium and aluminium); Cyanide process (silver and gold). Principles of qualitative analysis: Groups I to V (only Ag+, Hg2+, Cu2+, Pb2+, Bi3+, Fe3+, Cr3+, Al3+, Ca2+, Ba2+, Zn2+, Mn2+ and Mg2+); Nitrate, halides (excluding fluoride), sulphate and sulphide. Organic Chemistry   Concepts: Hybridisation of carbon; Sigma and pi-bonds; Shapes of simple organic molecules; Structural and geometrical isomerism; Optical isomerism of atom structure to 3 asymmetric centres, (R,S and E,Z nomenclature excluded); IUPAC nomenclature of simple organic compounds (only hydrocarbons, mono-functional and bi-functional compounds); Conformations of ethane and butane (Newman projections); Resonance and hyperconjugation; Keto-enol tautomerism; Determination of empirical and molecular formulae of simple compounds (only combustion method); Hydrogen bonds: definition and their effects on physical properties of alcohols and carboxylic acids; Inductive and resonance effects on acidity and basicity of organic acids and bases; Polarity and inductive effects in alkyl halides; Reactive intermediates produced during homolytic and heterolytic bond cleavage; Formation, structure and stability of carbocations, carbanions and free radicals. Preparation, properties and reactions of alkanes: Homologous series, physical properties of alkanes (melting points, boiling points and density); Combustion and halogenation of alkanes; Preparation of alkanes by Wurtz reaction and decarboxylation reactions. Preparation, properties and reactions of alkenes and alkynes: Physical properties of alkenes and alkynes (boiling points, density and dipole moments); Acidity of alkynes; Acid catalysed hydration of alkenes and alkynes (excluding the stereochemistry of addition and elimination); Reactions of alkenes with KMnO4 and ozone; Reduction of alkenes and alkynes; Preparation of alkenes and alkynes by elimination reactions; Electrophilic addition reactions of alkenes with X2, HX, HOX and H2O (X=halogen); Addition reactions of alkynes; Metal acetylides. Reactions of benzene: Structure and aromaticity; Electrophilic substitution reactions: halogenation, nitration, sulphonation, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation; Effect of o-, m- and p-directing groups in monosubstituted benzenes. Phenols: Acidity, electrophilic substitution reactions (halogenation, nitration and sulphonation); Reimer-Tieman reaction, Kolbe reaction. Characteristic reactions regarding the following (including those mentioned above): Alkyl halides: rearrangement reactions of alkyl carbocation, Grignard reactions, nucleophilic substitution reactions; Alcohols: esterification, dehydration and oxidation, reaction with sodium, phosphorus halides, ZnCl2/concentrated HCl, conversion of alcohols into aldehydes and ketones; Ethers:Preparation by Williamson's Synthesis; Aldehydes and Ketones: oxidation, reduction, oxime and hydrazone formation; aldol condensation, Perkin reaction; Cannizzaro reaction; haloform reaction and nucleophilic addition reactions (Grignard addition); Carboxylic acids: formation of esters, acid chlorides and amides, ester hydrolysis; Amines: basicity of substituted anilines and aliphatic amines, preparation from nitro compounds, reaction with nitrous acid, azo coupling reaction of diazonium salts of aromatic amines, Sandmeyer and related reactions of diazonium salts; carbylamine reaction; Haloarenes: nucleophilic aromatic substitution in haloarenes and substituted haloarenes (excluding Benzyne mechanism and Cine substitution). Carbohydrates: Classification; mono- and di-saccharides (glucose and sucrose); Oxidation, reduction, glycoside formation and hydrolysis of sucrose. Amino acids and peptides: General structure (only primary structure for peptides) and physical properties. Properties and uses of some important polymers: Natural rubber, cellulose, nylon, teflon and PVC. Practical organic chemistry: Detection of elements (N, S, halogens); Detection and identification regarding the following functional groups: hydroxyl (alcoholic and phenolic), carbonyl (aldehyde and ketone), carboxyl, amino and nitro; Chemical methods of separation of mono-functional organic compounds from binary mixtures.







PHYSICS SYLLABUS General: Units and dimensions, dimensional analysis; fewest count, significant figures; Methods of measurement and error analysis for physical quantities pertaining to the following experiments: Experiments based on creating use of Vernier calipers and screw gauge (micrometer), Determination of g creating use of simple pendulum, Young' modulus by Searle's method, Critical heat of a liquid creating use of calorimeter, focal length of a concave mirror and a convex lens creating use of u-v method, Velocity of sound creating use of resonance column, Verification of Ohm' law creating use of voltmeter and ammeter, and critical resistance regarding the fabric of a wire creating use of meter bridge and post office box. Mechanics: Kinematics in one and 3 dimensions (Cartesian coordinates only), projectiles; Uniform Circular motion; Relative velocity. Newton's laws of motion; Inertial and uniformly accelerated frames of reference; Static and dynamic friction; Kinetic and potential energy; Work and power; Conservation of linear momentum and mechanical energy. Processes of particles; Centre of mass and its motion; Impulse; Elastic and inelastic collisions.Law of gravitation; Gravitational potential and field; Acceleration due to gravity; Motion of planets and satellites in circular orbits; Escape velocity. Rigid body, moment of inertia, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems, moment of inertia of uniform bodies with simple geometrical shapes; Angular momentum; Torque; Conservation of angular momentum; Dynamics of rigid bodies with fixed axis of rotation; Rolling without slipping of rings, cylinders and spheres; Equilibrium of rigid bodies; Collision of spot masses with rigid bodies. Linear and angular simple harmonic motions. Hooke's law, Young' modulus. Compression in a fluid; Pascal's law; Buoyancy; Surface life and surface tension, capillary rise; Viscosity (Poiseuille's equation excluded), Stoke's law; Terminal velocity, Streamline flow, equation of continuity, Bernoulli's theorem and its applications. Wave motion (plane waves only), longitudinal and transverse waves, superposition of waves; Progressive and stationary waves; Vibration of strings and space columns;Resonance; Beats; Velocity of sound in gases; Doppler effect (in sound). Thermal physics: Thermal expansion of solids, liquids and gases; Calorimetry, latent heat; Heat conduction in one dimension; Elementary concepts of convection and radiation; Newton's law of cooling; Necessary gas laws; Critical heats (Cv and Cp for monoatomic and diatomic gases); Isothermal and adiabatic processes, bulk modulus of gases; Equivalence of heat and work; First law of thermodynamics and its applications (only for necessary gases); Blackbody radiation: absorptive and emissive powers; Kirchhoff's law; Wien's displacement law, Stefan's law. Electricity and magnetism: Coulomb's law; Electric field and potential; Electrical potential life of an procedure of spot charges and of electrical dipoles in a uniform electrostatic field; Electric field lines; Flux of electric field; Gauss's law and its application in simple cases, such as, to retrieve field due to infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell. Capacitance; Parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectrics; Capacitors in series and parallel; Life stored in a capacitor. Electric current; Ohm's law; Series and parallel arrangements of resistances and cells; Kirchhoff's laws and simple applications; Heating effect of current. Biot-avart's law and Ampere's law; Magnetic field near a current-carrying straight wire, along the axis of a circular coil and inside an extended straight solenoid; Force on a moving charge and on a current-carrying wire in a uniform magnetic field. Magnetic moment of a current loop; Effect of a uniform magnetic field on a current loop; Moving coil galvanometer, voltmeter, ammeter and their conversions. Electromagnetic induction: Faraday's law, Lenz's law; Self and mutual inductance; RC, LR and LC circuits with d.c. and a.c. sources. Optics: Rectilinear propagation of light; Reflection and refraction at plane and spherical surfaces; Total internal reflection; Deviation and dispersion of light by a prism; Thin lenses; Combinations of mirrors and thin lenses; Magnification. Wave nature of light: Huygen's principle, interference limited to Young's double-slit experiment.Modern physics: Atomic nucleus; Alpha, beta and gamma radiations; Law of radioactive decay; Decay constant; Half-life and mean life; Binding life and its calculation; Fission and fusion processes; Life calculation in these processes. Photoelectric effect; Bohr's theory of hydrogen-like atoms; Characteristic and continuous X-rays, Moseley's law; de Broglie wavelength of reason waves. MATHEMATICS SYLLABUS Algebra: Algebra of complex numbers, addition, multiplication, conjugation, polar representation, properties of modulus and principal argument, triangle inequality, cube roots of unity, geometric interpretations.Quadratic equations with real coefficients, relations between roots and coefficients, formation of quadratic equations with provided roots, symmetric functions of roots.Arithmetic, geometric and harmonic progressions, arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means, sums of finite arithmetic and geometric progressions, infinite geometric series, sums of squares and cubes regarding first n natural numbers.Logarithms and their properties. Permutations and combinations, Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, properties of binomial coefficients.Matrices like a rectangular array of real numbers, equality of matrices, addition, multiplication by a scalar and product of matrices, transpose of a matrix, determinant of a square matrix of order up to three, inverse of a square matrix of order up to three, properties of these matrix operations, diagonal, symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices and their properties, solutions of simultaneous linear equations in 3 or 3 variables.Addition and multiplication rules of probability, conditional probability, Bayes Theorem, independence of events, computation of probability of events creating use of permutations and combinations.Trigonometry: Trigonometric functions, their periodicity and graphs, addition and subtraction formulae, formulae involving multiple and sub-multiple angles, general solution of trigonometric equations.Relations between sides and angles of a triangle, sine rule, cosine rule, half-angle formula and the region of a triangle, inverse trigonometric functions (principal price only).Analytical geometry: 3 dimensions: Cartesian coordinates, distance between 3 points, section formulae, shift of origin.Equation of a straight line in different forms, angle between 3 lines, distance of a spot from a line; Lines through the spot of intersection of 3 provided lines, equation regarding the bisector regarding the angle between 3 lines, concurrency of lines; Centroid, orthocentre, incentre and circumcentre of a triangle.Equation of a circle in different forms, equations of tangent, normal and chord.Parametric equations of a circle, intersection of a circle with a straight line or a circle, equation of a circle through the points of intersection of 3 circles and those of a circle and a straight line.Equations of a parabola, ellipse and hyperbola in standard form, their foci, directrices and eccentricity, parametric equations, equations of tangent and normal. Locus Problems.Three dimensions: Direction cosines and direction ratios, equation of a straight line in space, equation of a plane, distance of a spot from a plane.Differential calculus: Real valued functions of an actual variable, into, onto and one-to-one functions, sum, difference, product and quotient of 3 functions, composite functions, absolute value, polynomial, rational, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions.Limit and continuity of a function, limit and continuity regarding the sum, difference, product and quotient of 3 functions, L'Hospital rule of evaluation of limits of functions.Even and odd functions, inverse of a function, continuity of composite functions, intermediate price property of continuous functions.Derivative of a function, derivative regarding the sum, difference, product and quotient of 3 functions, chain rule, derivatives of polynomial, rational, trigonometric, inverse trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions.Derivatives of implicit functions, derivatives up to order two, geometrical interpretation regarding the derivative, tangents and normals, increasing and decreasing functions, maximum and minimum values of a function, Rolle's Theorem and Lagrange's Mean Price Theorem.Integral calculus: Integration as the inverse process of differentiation, indefinite integrals of standard functions, definite integrals and their properties, Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus.Integration by parts, integration by the methods of substitution and partial fractions, application of definite integrals to the determination of regions involving simple curves.Formation of ordinary differential equations, solution of homogeneous differential equations, separation of variables method, linear first order differential equations.Vectors: Addition of vectors, scalar multiplication, dot and cross products, scalar triple products and their geometrical interpretations.

A

Uh oh. Chemistry - the phrase itself can make one's eyes glaze over. But wait, this is "essential oil chemistry'. MUCH more fun! While even beginning aromatherapy students are place off by the mere mention regarding the subject, they eventually realize the importance of understanding at fewest the fundamentals. The basics of essential oil chemistry shall help you appreciate what gives a fine oil its special aroma, help you more carefully discern a good oil from a second-rate one, and can improve your practice of creating use of essential oils therapeutically. The greatest benefits of essential oils lies in their potential for true medicinal applications, where their antiviral, antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties are effectively utilized. And it is the understanding of their chemistry that enables the practitioner to select the right oils and use them most appropriately. Convinced? Well here is a primer to obtain you started... So, howcome are essential oils called "oils" anyway? They do not look greasy, and they tend to evaporate completely, unlike common "fixed" oils (such as olive, grapeseed, hazelnut and the like). Essential oils and fixed oils share a similar chemical foundation: their structures are based on the linking of carbon and hydrogen atoms in different configurations. But this is really where the similarity ends. Fixed oils are created up of molecules comprised of 3 long chains of carbon atoms bound together at one end, called a triglyceride. Every fixed oil is created up of just a little different triglyceride arrangements - olive oil, for example, is primarily created up of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids (the names of specific carbon-hydrogen chains forming the triglycerides). Their long-chain shape holds them in a liquid state which does atom structure problems evaporate. Volatile oils are another reason - volatile oils do with no problems evaporate, due in-part to their smaller, more complex structures. Essential oils are a sub-category of volatile oils, essential oils being specifically those volatile oils that have been distilled directly from plants (rather than science department made, or from another otherwise "inorganic" source). Essential oils still hold a core structure of linked carbon and hydrogen atoms, but they return in a best variations of shapes within brief chains, rings and multiple-rings hooked together. Each of these core structures shall have what is known like a "functional group" attached - a sort of "molecular sub-unit". Despite their seeming complexity, though, essential oils are still very compatible with mammalian biology - their atomic structure allows them to penetrate into the deepest regions of our bodies, and even to centers of our cells.







The therapeutic action of an essential oil is primarily determined by the "functional groups" located within the molecules that make up that oil. An essential oil is definitely created up of many lone molecular constituents. Each of these natural chemicals is formed of a carbon-hydrogen structure with a functional team attached. It is the combination regarding the base structure AND the attached functional team that creates a single, special molecule. And MANY of these special molecules combine to shape ONE essential oil. As you can see, essential oils are really very complex in their chemical nature. There exists nearly infinite possibilities of functional team and base ring or chain combinations. And ONE essential oil alone shall be created up of HUNDREDS of these different molecular arrangements. Do not worry, though! While it sounds complex, one needn't have knowledge of all the precise chemical details to use essential oils therapeutically. Just have knowledge of that any lone essential oil is comprised of a little natural chemicals that make up the bulk regarding the oil, and many minor "trace" constituents that also affect most aroma and therapeutic activity. The greatest natural, undiluted, properly distilled essential oils with all the primary and minor chemical constituents shall have the finest aromas AND the greatest potent therapeutic action. Many factors in an essential oil's production affect the total no. and relative amounts of lone chemicals located within the final product. These with where the plant was grown, soil and climate conditions, time of harvest, distillation equipment, plus the time, heat and compression of distillation. This can release you an system as to howcome 3 varieties regarding the similar to oil can smell so different: The full, nice bouquet of a fine essential oil shall contain a myriad of notes, telling you that all natural components are present and in balanced amounts. To greatest understand this, we shall examine Lavender essential oil; higher than fifty lone molecules have been identified in pure lavender essential oil. The aromatherapist should do not forget that ALL of these chemicals located in pure and natural Lavender oil work together to make a therapeutic effect. For example, the linalool molecule is antiviral and antibacterial; the linalyl acetate is emotionally calming; other primary components within cineol, limonene, pinene and others are all noted for specific biologic and aromatic activity. It is the combined, balanced, synergistic action of these chemicals that make pure, high-quality Lavender such a best healer. What does this mean to lay-practitioner? That it's important to discover a nice smelling lavender oil! Each lone chemical, most primary and minor, has a distinct smell, and is talked about in terms of "notes" within the overall lavender aroma. Little of these are sweet, some citrusy, some are herbaceous, and some camphorous (and the list goes on). A precise no. of each shall make a sure Lavender aroma. Some lavenders are more tasty (and shall that is why more relaxing), others are more herbaceous. Your nose is an incredible detector of essential oil chemistry, and you will be surprised how effective it is at choosing the finest, most therapeutically valuable oil. Your nose can tell you if all the constituents are in balance, if the oil is fresh, and interestingly, also if the oil is right for you - trust you in this regard! A balanced approach in aromatherapy, as in all of natural medicine, is best. The greatest effective practitioner shall hold a well-developed "internal pendulum" combined with a solid education. Significant variations exist within the quality of essential oils; it is really non-pricey to buy the higher grades of oil, as their synergy of expertly distilled chemicals shall have the greater therapeutic action. Use your nose, knowledge and intuition to discover a source you trust, that delivers consistently high-grade oils for a reasonable cost. Use these similar to faculties to skillfully select and apply the appropriate oil for each circumstance. Essential oils are complex by nature; at the similar to time, they have an exceptionally broad scope of therapeutic applications. Hopefully, this little bit of aromatherapy chemistry shall enrich your ability to help that you own health, and the well-being of those around you.

Do You Lack Magnesium?

Magnesium is an abundant metallic chemical element with the symbol Mg. It has a many non-residential applications in addition to being vital for many living organisms, within humans. It is one regarding the top 5 essential minerals wanted by the body to promote good health. The body stores about 1/2 of its total magnesium intake within the bones, and the rest resides within the body tissues, organs, and blood.
Magnesium plays a large component within the enzyme reactions responsible for life and cardiovascular function. It works together with calcium to maintain the body's chemical balance. Receiving Mg with calcium is the greatest method to obtain the full benefits of most these essential nutrients.
Deficiency Symptoms
Magnesium(CAS: 7439-95-4) can affect these processes: life metabolism, blood sweetener levels, blood compression levels, immune structure of atom other processes. In terms of physical symptoms of Mg deficiency, there is a good chance that an lone with inadequate grades shall skills development a large section of aches and pains. Cramps within the legs are often present, along with a sense of stiffness within the neck. Symptoms of Mg deficiency shall also with pain within the jaw that seems to appear for no reason. Tension headaches shall grow to more frequent. In some people, a feeling of tightness within the chest should be one deficiency symptom, consequently this specific sign shall return and go.








The heart is another location of deficiency symptoms. Without adequate grades of magnesium within the body, an lone shall begin to skills development palpitations or angina. The heartbeat itself shall grow to irregular in addition to beating at a faster pace from time to time. In some cases, it is impossible for an lone to tell the difference between symptoms brought on by a Mg deficiency and those of a mild heart attack.
Food Sources
Magnesium is located in all different categories of vegetables, nuts, seafood and grains in varied amounts. The highest concentrations are located in lime leafy greens basically due to the fact that Mg is the central atom within a plant's chlorophyll structure. Tap h2o shall also be a source, though the quantity depends on where the h2o supply returns from. Refined and processed foods, for example grains, breads and flours, are decreased in magnesium atomic absorption standard solution content.
Considerations
The likelihood of ingesting too many Mg is little due to stressors of everyday life, and the body's tendency to excrete any excess. However, if high grades of magnesium and little grades of calcium are ingested, this does pose a risk of toxicity. The reason for this is these 3 nutrients work together to hold the body's chemical grades in balance. Too many of one, and not enough regarding the other shall cause adverse effects within the body.
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