Ernest Rutherford was born on August 30, 1871, near Nelson, New Zealand. He was a very good student, excelling at science and mathematics. In 1889 Rutherford won a scholarship to learn at Canterbury College, Christchurch, New Zealand, and it was at this college that he began his work like a scientist. He conducted experiments on the velocity of induction in iron placed in rapidly alternating magnetic fields. In 1894, in component due to the fact that of his original work, he was awarded a scholarship to learn at Trinity College, Cambridge, with famed physicist J.
At first he continued his studies on magnetism, but by 1896 Rutherford and Thomson were working together on the conductivity of electricity in gases creating use of x rays. Rutherford's skill and skills development in conceiving and building delicate experimental apparatus were crucial to another project that should prove to be his most important contribution to science. Following his studies on x rays, Rutherford began to learn the effect of radiation from uranium on the conductivity of gases. During this work, he determined that there were 3 kinds of radiation, which he called and rays. These should be distinguished by their ability to penetrate materials: rays should not pass through a thin piece of paper; radiation was more powerful and should penetrate thin sheets of metal foil.
In 1903, together with the scientist Frederick Soddy, Rutherford concluded that radiation was caused by atoms of radioactive fabric breaking apart. The tiny bits that broke off were the and rays. This was a revolutionary idea, since it had been a simple principle of physics and chemistry that atoms were the smallest likely particles of reason and that is why indivisible. Rutherford went on to demonstrate that -particles were, in fact, a shape regarding the helium atom. He did this by placing a delicate glass bulb containing radon gas, which emitted -particles, in an evacuated tube.
The particles should penetrate the glass regarding the bulb but not escape the tube, and should then be analyzed. As component of these studies, Rutherford and his assistant Hans Geiger created an -particle detector known currently as the Geiger counter in 1908. In 1909 Rutherford gave his student Ernest Marsden the task of studying whether metal should deflect the path of an -particle. This was the well known gold foil experiment, in which it was observed that one particle in about 8,000 bounced off a thin foil of gold rather than passing through it. This surprised everyone, and as Rutherford stated, It was about as credible as whether you had fired a 15-inch shell at a piece of tissue cardboard and it came return and hit you.
Rutherford showed that the collision had to occur with something that was tiny and very massive compared to the -particle and that carried an electrical charge. These experiments led to Rutherford's 1911 hypothesis that the atom consisted of a hard core named the nucleus in 1912 that contained almost all the mass regarding the atom and had a positive charge, and that the electrons, which had little mass and a negative charge, orbited the core at a distance. Rutherford's work transformed the concept regarding the atom from that of a solid body into two of mostly empty space. Consequently the new model explained the experimental results, it was not compatible with classical physics. If the electrons orbited the nucleus like planets orbit the Sun, they should slow below and collapse into the center.
In 1912 the Danish physicist Niels Bohr arrived in England to work with Rutherford, and he applied the quantum theory regarding the German physicist Max Planck to the model. Regarding to this theory, electrons should only gain or lose life in fixed amounts called quanta. So long as an electron did not change its orbit, it should not ever collapse into the nucleus. Consequently there have been distant refinements to the Bohr-Rutherford model regarding the atomfor example, electrons not ever actually orbitit is an important model of atomic structure. Rutherford won many awards for his work like a scientist and teacher.
He won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1908 and was knighted in 1914. In 1919 he became the Cavendish Professor of Physics at Cambridge. He was created God Rutherford of Nelson in 1931. Rutherford died at Cambridge on October 19, 1937. Rutherfordium is first transactinide element.
It was discovered in 1969 by Albert Ghiorso and his coworkers, who carried out the reactions 249 Cf 12 C, 4n 257 Rf half-life of approximately 3. 8 seconds and 249 Cf 13 C, 3n [] 259 Rf half-life of approximately 3. There exists ten known isotopes of rutherfordium, possessing mass numbers that section from 253 to 262, the isotope together with the longest measured half-life being 261 Rf half-life of approximately 1. Subsequent to its discovery, it was postulated that rutherfordium, as first transactinide element, should be a member of a new, fourth transition series, extending from Z = 104 to Z = 112, and an atom in which the seven d electronic shell is filled. The outer orbital electronic configuration of Rf should be [Rn]5 f 14 seven d 3 7 s 2.
As such, it should behave similarly to its analogs titanium and hafnium and should shape volatile tetrachlorides that are fewer volatile than HfCl4. First gas chromatographic studies showed that rutherfordium forms more volatile chlorides than hafniuma deviation from Periodic Table trends that was predicted from relativistic calculations. The first aqueous chemistry studies showed the neutral and anionic complexes of Rf to behave like the corresponding complexes regarding the Team IVB elements, rather than regarding the trivalent actinides, demonstrating that Rf is indeed a transactinide. Detailed studies regarding the extraction chromatography of Rf complexes have shown chemical behavior similar to that observed of Rf complexes in gas chromatographic experimentsthat is, Rf does not behave as expected regarding to a simple extrapolation of Periodic Table trends, but in a more complicated manner. For example, within the extraction of substances with tributylphosphate, the extraction sequence Zr and gt; Rf and gt; Hf is observed.
These and other experiments display that the aqueous chemistry of rutherfordium is a challenge to current relativistic molecular theories.
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