From the Depths regarding the Universe. to the DNA Molecule Too tiny to be seen together with the naked eye, DNA serves as the data bank of our cells. Details about all the living things around you is concealed within this miniaturized data bank inside every cell of every organism. All the structural characteristics of a rose, an orange, a sparrow, a tiger or a person being are present within the nuclei regarding the cells that comprise these organisms. Look at your paw that is holding this book.
These data stores exist within the nucleus of every lone one regarding the cells that compose that hand. These DNA molecules are invisible to naked eye but in terms of their contents and data-storage capacity, they can be equal to a library consisting of tens of thousands of books. As you observe the miraculous aspects of DNA, which shall be seen only by magnifying it thousands of times, you can also appreciate how such minute essential component of life spots the theory of evolution in an insuperable quandary. Examining the details of this extraordinary structure shall release you the opportunity to ponder the infinite might, incomparable knowledge, scope and dominion of our Lord, Allah The god and the universe He has created. Every day, new discoveries are being created related to the universe we inhabit.
Billions of galaxies lie hundreds of thousands of light years distant from one another. Millions of stars that fill those galaxies, whose dimensions defy our powers of conception. Giant planets constantly revolve in a complex order at speeds of thousands of kilometers without ever colliding with one another. Here, on one regarding the smaller of these planets, we examine the cells, the building blocks of life on Earth, themselves no bigger than a mere speck, below the electron microscope, an invention regarding the 20th century. Each regarding the conditions that creates this planet suitable for life is indispensable to it.
The Earth's environment exists and persists by the mercy of Allah. Albert Einstein, one regarding the 20th century's most eminent scientists, expressed man's difficulty in comprehending the order within the universe in these terms:. The person mind is not capable of grasping the Universe. We are within the position of little child entering a huge library filled with books in many languages. The child knows someone should have written those books.
It does not have knowledge of how. It does not understand the languages in which they can be written. The child dimly suspects a mysterious order within the arrangement regarding the books, but does not have knowledge of what it is. Human beings have been equipped with all the processes they need within this extraordinary environment. The more details that we learn related to the body, the more we realize how miraculous our lives are.
As they discover the processes concealed inside their bodies, many people--who should otherwise live without reflection, caught up within the daily course of their lives--will reflect on the purpose behind their existence and grow to aware of their responsibilities to Allah, their Creator. Indeed, different scientists have acquired faith within the existence of Allah by seeing the greatness of His knowledge and the perfections He has created. But little of them continue to refuse to look that they live in need of Allah, even though their consciences shall tell them otherwise. Yet their refusal to admit the truth shall not alter the facts. Allah reveals some people's approach within the Qur'an: Do not combine up truth with falsehood and knowingly hide the truth.
Surat al-Baqara, 42 O Humanity! You can be the poor in need of Allah whereas Allah is the Wealthy Beyond Need, the Praiseworthy. Surah Fatir, 15 INTRODUCTION The Most advanced Data Bank Known: DNA The truth revealed by science as it progresses is that living things possess flawless and highly complex structures that should not ever have emerged by chance. This is evident proof that our Almighty and Omniscient God has created living things. The theory of evolution, which rejects the system of our Creator and pins its hopes on coincidences, was dealt two of its most severe blows by developments within the field of molecular biology, which demolisheswith clean and irrefutable evidence, the fundamental of Darwinism, which maintains that life originated based on supposedly simple structures. As scientists discovered the complex structures inside the cell, which some have referred to like a molecular machine, they also clearly saw that these should not ever have return into being as the result of chance.
One such structure is DNA, the cell's data bank, discovered within the 1950s together with the invention regarding the electron microscope. DNA is a giant molecule contained in every cell. On that long molecular chain is encoded all the details that determines the physical and chemical structure of that cell and regarding the entire organism to which that cell belongs. However, the presence of such a data bank within the cell means nothing by itself. The details within that DNA should be view as needed, and processes carried out within the light of that information.
It is impossible for inanimate substances to write and decipher codes, take progressive precautionary measures, and to establish an procedure to make sure that that the details they possess returns to no harm. Molecules created up of chemical elements from the earth and space cannot be expected to do these things spontaneously. Yet Darwinists are so blindly devoted to their theory of evolution that, as you shall look within the chapters that follow, they insist on claims that are utterly unscientific, violating reason and logic, solely for the sake of convincing themselves and others that everything is a coincidence. Despite being an evolutionist, Francis Cricka Nobel Prize-winning biochemist and one regarding the scientists who discovered DNAadmits the facts in his pamphlet Life Itself:. An honest man, armed with all the knowledge available to us now, should only state that, in some sense, the origin of life appears at the moment to be almost a miracle.
Richard Dawkins, known for his evolutionist views, describes the complexity concealed within the cell:. Physics books should be complicated, but. the objects and phenomena that a physics pamphlet describes are simpler than a lone cell within the body of its author. And the author consists of trillions of those cells, many of them different from each other, organized with intricate architecture and precision--engineering into a working mechanical system capable of writing a book. contains a digitally coded database larger, in details content, than all thirty volumes regarding the Encyclopedia Britannica place together.
And this figure is for each [individual] cell, not all the cells regarding the body place together. If you had located a CD on your desk 25 years ago, and even whether you had not ever seen one before, you should still not ever try attempt to account for its existence in terms of chance. Despite its being a very thin, flat, round piece of plastic, the regularity of its shape should still make it clean that it had been produced by an intelligent, knowledgeable person being. Even whether you not ever met the person who drafted and manufactured that CD, you should still not ever claim that metals and plastics had assumed such a done shape as the result of successive accidents. And what whether you learned, through a detailed examination regarding the CD's structure, that in indentations and protrusions on its surface, there was details coded within the shape regarding the numbers 0 and 1? At first glance it appeared like just a flat glass disc, but were it enlarged to volume of a soccer stadium, the indentations on it should be approximately the similar to volume as grains of sand.
All the CD's indentations and protrusions represent coded data containing text, sounds and images. The fact that dozens of books' worth of data was compressed into this flat disk creates it obvious that intelligent, knowledgeable minds have had a paw in its manufacture. No one should possibly maintain anything different. On the contrary, the presence here of a highly advanced technology, the processes of recording, coding and compression of data are evidence that this CD was consciously produced, and for an exact purpose. Yet some people, who look that claims of chance are impossible to account for a flat disk of plastic, fail to employ the similar to honest logic within the face of DNA's done creation.
They maintain that the DNA molecules, too tiny to be seen together with the naked eye but containing enough compressed and encoded data to fill thousands of encyclopedias, came into being as the work of chance. Yet the person brain that produced the CD and wrote the details it contains also consists of cells that function thanks to details contained in DNA. The illogicality here is obvious. Within the similar to method that the details within the CD implies that it was written there by someone, DNAa distant more comprehensive data bank with a distant superior technologyshows the existence of a superior intellect, of a Creator. That intellect is the infinite mind of our Almighty Lord.
DNA is a miracle of Allah, the sublime nature regarding the creation of which we have been can comprehend through 20th-century technology. Our God reveals the purpose regarding the things He created in one regarding the verses:. It is Allah Who created the seven heavens and regarding the Earth the similar to number, the Command descending below through all of them, such that you may have knowledge of that Allah has force over all things and that Allah encompasses all things in His knowledge. CHAPTER two Aspect of The Cell Discovered. In the 20th Century Within the 2nd 1/2 regarding the 20th century, advances within the field of molecular biology entirely altered our perspective on the miniaturized world inside the cell.
With today's rapidly developing technology, biologists have grow to aware regarding the flawless and complex mechanisms possessed by the cell, realizing that these should not have return into being by chance or spontaneously. Most regarding the processes that constitute the cell are smaller than the wavelength of visible light. Some details within the cell shall be examined only by advanced techniques for example X-ray crystallography. However, at the time when Darwin launched his theory, the position of science was extremely backward. Not even the simple structure regarding the cell had been revealed, let alone the discovery regarding the helix structure and data capacity regarding the DNA molecule, which James Watson and Francis Crick revealed nearly 100 years subsequent to the publication of Darwin's pamphlet The Origin of Species.
Darwin had no means of foreseeing the advances that molecular biology should subsequently make. Clearly, his theory of evolution built on fundamentally flawed knowledge and hypotheses cannot account for the existence of a structure like DNA, which amazes scientists. The wellknown Cambridge University philosopher Dr. Meyer compares modern science with that of Darwin's day:. During the final 1/2 regarding the twentieth century, advances in molecular biology and biochemistry have revolutionized our understanding regarding the miniature world within the cell.
Studies has revealed that cells--the fundamental units of life-store--transmit, and edit details and use that details to regulate their most fundamental metabolic processes. biologists now describe cells as, between other things, distributive real-time computers or complex details processing systems. Darwin, of course, neither knew about these intricacies nor sought to explain their origin. Instead, his theory of biological evolution sought to explain how life should have grown gradually more complex starting from one or a little simple forms. within the 1870s and 1880s, scientists assumed that devising an explanation for the origin of life should be fairly easy.
For one thing, they assumed that life was essentially a rather simple substance called protoplasm that should be with no problems constructed by combining and recombining simple chemicals for example carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen. However, some scientists, the heirs of Darwin, still think about that atoms spontaneously combined to release rise to complex living things. Within the light regarding the extraordinary advances created within the field of molecular biology mostly over the final 50 years, it is barely astonishing that Darwin's claim should have survived this long. This state of affairs is admitted in a statement by Dr. Richard Lewontin, an evolutionist and Harvard University biologist and geneticist:.
evolution is not a fact, it's a philosophy. The materialism returns first a priori, and the evidence is interpreted in light of that unchangeable philosophical commitment. Because of their devotion to materialism, the inheritors regarding the theory of evolution are generally unable to accept scientific facts. They that is why insist on trying to carry an outdated 19th-century scientific conception into the present day. However, the facts are too evident to be covered up by any superstitious philosophy.
In the Qur'an, Allah reveals that there shall be those that use fallacious arguments to deny the truth Surat al-Kahf, 56. In another verse, He tells us: Rather We hurl the truth against falsehood and it cuts right through its brain and it vanishes sleek away! Woe without end for you for what you portray! Surat al-Anbiya', 18 The Cell Is More Complex. Some 4 billion years ago, regarding to evolutionist scenario, different inanimate chemical substances entered into reactions within the primitive Earth's atmosphere; these then combined together with the effects of lightning and earthquakesand thus first living cell emerged. The fact is, however, that the structure regarding the cell is more complex that even the highest many populous and technologically advanced city. A best many processes operate non-stop with a flawless organization, from force stations that make life inside the cell to protein-producing factories, from a freight system that transports raw fabrics to decoders that translate DNA, and a dense and constant communications system.
For evolutionists to know that the cell came into being by chance is as illogical and nonsensical as claiming that all the buildings, roads, transportation systems, electricity and h2o networks in a city for example Istanbul, with its almost 15 million population, came into existence spontaneously as the result of such natural phenomena as storms and earthquakes. Schroeder, an Israeli scientist working within the fields of physics and biology at the Massachusetts Institute of Cutting edge designs MIT describes the order inside the cell:. The person body acts like a finely tuned machine, a magnificent metropolis in which, as its inhabitants, each regarding the 75 trillion cells, composed of 1027 atoms, moves in symbiotic precision. Seldom are 3 cells simultaneously performing the similar to act, yet their lone contributions combine smoothly to shape life. Despite being an evolutionist, the late astrobiologist Carl Sagan speaks regarding the wonderful order within the cell as if it were a work of art:.
A living cell is a marvel of detailed and complex architecture. Seen through a microscope, there is an appearance of almost frantic activity. On a deeper position it is known that molecules are being synthesized at an enormous rate. Almost any enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of higher than 100 other molecules per second. In ten minutes, a sizeable fraction of total mass of a metabolizing bacterial cell was synthesized.
The details content of a simple cell had been estimated as around 1012 bits, comparable to about a hundred million pages regarding the Encyclopedia Britannica. The nucleus inside the cell bears the DNA, the highest many important genetic material. Mitochondria inside the cell turn glucose within the shape of food products into life packets. Microscopic tubes extend throughout the cell, constituting vital pathways along which proteins and other compulsory substances shall be carried to appropriate location. In addition, the billions of cells in our bodies build all their processes out of molecules, at the similar to time consistently maintaining and repairing themselves.
As well as performing their own tasks, they also renew themselves. 9 They also obtain their own energy. Werner Gitt, director regarding the German Federal Institute of Physics and Technology, emphasizes how the cell is distant superior to any machinery created by person beings: The biological life conversion system is brilliantly and cleverly drafted that life engineers can only watch, fascinated. Nobody has yet been can copy this miniaturized and extremely efficient mechanism. In his pamphlet Blind Faith: Evolution Exposed, the science writer Howard Peth states that there is no such thing like a simple cell:.
Formerly, it was thought that a cell was composed of nucleus and a little other components in an ocean ' of cytoplasms, with huge spaces within the cell unoccupied. Now it is known that a cell literally swarms. ' That is, it's packed full of important functioning units compulsory to life regarding the cell and the body containing it. The theory of evolution assumes life developed from a simple ' cell - but science this day demonstrates that there is no such thing like a simple cell. In conclusion, cells are not simple sacs of jelly, as was imagined in Darwin's day.
On the contrary, as the 20th century physicist and astrobiologist Prof. Paul Davies puts it, they resemble computers together with the highest many highly advanced technology, or complex cities. CHAPTER 3 The Source regarding the Data of Life DNA, the simple genetic fabric of all living things, is an extended molecule resembling a spiral staircase, whose details we shall be examining in due course. DNA exists in all living thingshuman beings, flowers, birds, flies, and even bacteria. It contains all the compulsory details regarding the features regarding the living cell and its standard operations.
In addition, detailed details regarding a living thing's external appearance, the kind of structure it shall have, how it shall grow and how its organs shall work, are all determined beforehand in DNA. For example, an individual's DNA contains details about such details as height, eye color and physical structure, how the body shall defend itself within the face of which dangers, and how it shall make proteins, the building blocks regarding the cell. The DNA of a rosebush contains millions of pieces of detailed, coded details about its flower's scent and color, the structure of its thorns, the shape of its leaves and the thickness of its stems. DNA molecules are rather like blueprints that determine how a living thing shall be constructed and function. Human beings carry this molecule, which exhibits distant greater knowledge than themselves, in every two of their cells.
For example, a DNA chain is packaged in every cell in your eyes as you view these lines. There exists DNA molecules in every cell within the fingers that turn over the pages of this book, within the cells of your heart and bones, and in every cell that creates up your body. What is more, they can be constantly at work to hold the lone alive. The details theoretician Dr. Werner Gitt expresses the extraordinary section regarding the data in DNA:.
It seems compulsory to assume that in addition to its protein-coding portions, DNA contains countless more grades of structure and function. Such stored details concepts are just as many compulsory to code for the development regarding the smallest organelles for example the mitochondria and ribosomes, as for building the huge organs e. , heart, kidneys, brain and the overall integrated organism. As yet, no one was can decode this incredibly complex system. As noted by Professor Gitt, the sphere of procedure regarding the DNA's details is very broad.
DNA does not determine just physical characteristics; at the similar to time it plans thousands of different functions throughout the cell, the body's organs and systems. Thanks to details placed in DNA:. The bones grow in exactly the right place, shape and size. The skull, ribs, pelvic bone and vertebrae all have special shapes and thickness in line with specific purposes. The vertebrae, for instance, possess just the right shape for the vitally important spinal cord to be can pass through them.
Similarly, the skull was specially shaped to protect the brain, and the ribs to shield the lungs and heart. The balanced development of every two of these is component regarding the total blueprint recorded within the DNA. The 206 separate bones within the person body are connected to one another by ligaments and muscles in such a method as to let them to move. The elasticity and mobility of these muscles that allows us to leave up and below stairs, run, bend below and stand up repeatedly is repeatedly recorded in DNA. Thanks to details set out by Allah in DNA, we can move our muscles in almost any direction we desire.
Thus a person being can hold a glass of water, turn the pages of a book, sit in a chair without falling out of it, or carry packages weighing many kilograms. The cartilage that prevents friction between bones is a very special tissue in terms of its shape, structure and position. Within the knees, for example, cartilage acts like a shock absorber that allows those joints to carry the whole mass regarding the bodytens of kilogramswithout feeling stress. The detailed blueprint for the knee shall also be set out in DNA. The veins that stretch approximately 100,000 kilometers 62,140 miles and carry vitally important blood to nourish all the body's tissues.
The veins work jointly together with the heart's special pumping system. Some are thinner than a hair, carrying dark brown blood cells to every corner regarding the body, from the eyelids to fingertips, from the brain to kidneys. The method that the nerves interpenetrate the entire body lets them react very quickly to changes that the senses perceive, allowing different components regarding the body to work together like a lone unit. The 200 or so different kinds of cell within the body possess the similar to simple features and mechanisms, but perform very different activities. A liver cell, for example, carries out 500 different chemical processes within a reason of milliseconds thousandths of a second, while a heart cell can make its own electricity over an entire lifetime.
The production regarding the life you need to stand up and walk, remain standing, breathe and to reveal and close your eyesin brief to surviveis component regarding the blueprint recorded in each cell. Thanks to this blueprint, every cell knows how to obtain the highest many life from foodstuffs consumed and how to make the highest many efficient use of them. The stomach secretes acids that digest meat, but do not break below its tissues. Up to 20 enzymes leave into action to make blood clot during the repair of a deep cut. These are just 3 regarding the precautionary measures recorded in DNA.
The hormonal system is a highly efficient communications system between the cells, permitting the regulation of all the balances within the body. It functions regarding to details set out in DNA. How many of which substances the body shall use, and how surpluses are to be stored or expelled, are also included in this specific blueprint. On the other hand, DNA also determines how the cells within the immune system are to exchange information. Within the function of a tissue being wounded or infected, for instance, the immune system initiates reactions.
Defense cells identify the location regarding the wound in a very brief time to counter-attack the microbes entering the body through the injury. They then analyze the threat and transmit messages that begin the war against those microbes. Whole libraries of books should be written related to the details within the person body, most known and as yet undiscovered. All are components of a blueprint recorded within the DNA's data bank. In short, DNA acts like a planning center in every living thing, literally undertaking the responsibilities of architects, engineers, scent experts, botanists, science department technicians, interior designers, designers, artists, doctors and countless other experts and scientists.
At every moment, Our Almighty God creates and controls these molecules that are in constant procedure such that you can view these lines, see, breathe, ponder and in short, remain alive. This fact is revealed in one verse regarding the Qur'an: [Hud said,] I have place my trust in Allah, my God and your Lord. There is no creature He does not hold by the forelock. My God is on a Straight Path. Surah Hud, 56 Like a very simple example, compare the details in DNA with a book.
Obviously, no pamphlet can write itself. Even if we assume that this was in some method possible, it still shall be absolutely impossible for anything written in that pamphlet to be meaningful. Based on this analogy, Prof. Phillip Johnson states that random coincidences can have no such power, ability or intelligence:. just everybody within Richard Dawkins agrees that it is essentially impossible to make a coherent pamphlet of average length by randomly combining letters, spaces and punctuation marks.
Even a lone sentencelike Within the beginning was the Phrase is extremely unlikely to return from pouring out a random combine of letters and spaces. No doubt that the data recorded in DNA have an incomparable structure more complex than the sentence. Within the beginning was the Word, and that this complex structure cannot possibly have return into existence spontaneously or by chance. Moreover, all the trillions of DNA molecules possessed by billions of living things for millions of years have all been encoded with a done system, placed within an region too tiny to be seen together with the naked eye and yet used within the highest many rational manner. That being so, there is a Creator Who plans and arranges person beings, their cells and their DNA in that flawless and done manner.
That Creator is Almighty Allah. To maintain the opposite is to ignore the facts, reason and logic. However, many who should quickly agree it is impossible for letters to arrange themselves into even 3 tiny words still manage to listen with no objection to deceit that millions of atoms combined together by chance, one by one, in an exact sequence to make a molecule containing the equivalent of whole libraries of information. The sole reason for this is their blind devotion to Darwinism, which prevents some intelligent people from seeing the evident fact of Creation and leads them into the highest many irrational beliefs. Everyone freed from this preconception to use his intellect shall clearly look that an infinite data bank for example DNA can only return into existence through being created.
When they can be told, Follow what Allah has sent below to you, They say, We are following what we located our fathers doing. What, even though their fathers did not understand an item and were not guided! The likeness of those that do not know is that regarding the beast which, call out to it as one may, can hear nothing but a shout and a cry. They do not use their intellect. Surat al-Baqara, 170-171. CHAPTER 4 The DNA Molecule's Miraculous Structure In discussing the chemical structure regarding the DNA molecule, our objective is not basically to give the kind of details you can locate in a best many books on biology, but to display the details in person creation and the extremely sensitive order on which our existence dependsand thus, to properly appreciate our Lord's greatness and His mercy upon us.
Some people prefer to remain distant removed from technical details and do not need to tire their minds with them. But they reflect that similar to superficial perspective in their analyses, comments and statements. In fact, there is sublime wisdom in every detail of creation, and each of those details was created for an exact purpose. In one verse regarding the Qur'an our God tells us that: We did not make the heavens and Earth and everything between them, except with truth. The Hour is certainly coming, so turn distant graciously.
Your Lord, He is the Creator, the All-Knowing. Surat al-Hijr, 85-86 Let us examine some regarding the details within the creation regarding the DNA within the trillions of cells inside every one regarding the billions of people on Earth. Chemical Structure regarding the DNA Helix. The giant molecule of DNA deoxyribonucleic acid that plays a role in all the cell's vital functions consists of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphate atoms. There exists billions of these atoms in a lone person DNA molecule,14 all arranged in a manner specific to that individual.
DNA is an acronym regarding the words deoxyribo, nucleic and acid that express the molecule's chemical structure. This molecule within the nucleus of every person cell consists of nucleic acid arranged in a helix shape like a miniature sphere just six microns in diameter. 15 One micron equals one thousandth of a millimeter. Nucleic acids are exceedingly important compounds, despite creating up only 2% of our bodies. The simple structural units of nucleic acids are nucleotides.
Some seven billion nucleotides combine within the double helix that gives rise to DNA. The DNA molecule's structure resembles a spiral staircase, and its architectural regularity amazes scientists. The sides regarding the staircase, created up of different sugars and phosphates, represent the DNA molecule's dual backbones. The steps, on the other hand, consist of pairs of 4 conjoined chemical substances known as bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine. Bases are molecules consisting of between 12 and 16 atoms within carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen.
17 These chemicals are also specially arranged on the DNA spiral. Only 3 combinations of arrangements are possible: adenine A always bonds to thymine T, and cytosine C always bonds to guanine G. Scientists have established the special sequence in which the atoms creating up DNA release rise to nucleotides. But knowing the structure regarding the building blocks of life is not the similar to thing as producing them. Indeed, consequently the correct materialsatoms and the cutting edge designs to combine themare available to scientists, they can be utterly incapable of creating a living DNA molecule.
In the Qur'an our God reveals that: It is He Who gives life and causes to die. When He decides on something, He just says to it, Be! and it is. Surah Ghafir, 68 Your deity is Allah alone, there is no deity but Him. He encompasses all things in His knowledge'. Surah Ta Ha, 98 A special creation is evident within the arrangements regarding the atoms.
Every nucleotide contains some 34 atoms. Since there exists seven billion nucleotides in DNA, 204 billion atoms 34 times 6,000,000,000 need to combine chemically to shape a lone DNA molecule. 19 Were you can process one atom a 2nd and worked eight hours a day for 350 days a year, it should still take you detailed than 20,000 years to make a lone DNA molecule. 20 Since this is beyond the capacity of even rational person beings, can anyone imagine that the DNA molecule came into existence by chance? Such an item is of course out regarding the question. In addition, bear in mind that within the absence of DNA molecules, living things should not exist.
Indeed, the slightest error in DNA's structure gives rise to very serious consequences, as the well-known science writer Richard Milton describes:. [E]ach nucleotide has to be written in precisely the correct order and in precisely the correct location within the DNA molecule for the offspring to remain viable, and as described earlier, primary functional disorders in humans, animals, and plants are caused by the loss or displacement of a lone DNA molecule, or even a lone nucleotide within that molecule. Every base sequence within the DNA stripthe arrangement regarding the nucleotides adenine, thymine, cytosine and guanine within the cell nucleusconstitutes a genetic text containing details wanted for the building of essential proteins. From that spot of view, it is noteworthy that DNA maintains its standard structure on the one paw while on the other possessing an arrangement that permits details diversity. The DNA Strip is Wound around Bobbins.
A lone DNA strip in person cells consists of around 4 billion base pairs and is approximately 3 meters long. Most chains of that length need to be reduced in volume to dimensions invisible to eye. Similarly to method in which an extended thread is wound around a reel, the DNA is packaged and installed within the nucleus through a similar cellular mechanism. The DNA strip is packaged by being wound around nucleosomes, which release rise to chromosomes. The job regarding the nucleosomes is undertaken by proteins known as histones.
There is a 15-turn section regarding the DNA spiral in one nucleosome; and this is the length of 150 nucleotides. 22 This 15-turn section is wound twice around an energy nucleus, created up of eight histones containing a huge many positively charged amino acids. These perfectly complement the negatively charged phosphates on the DNA. When details written anywhere on the DNA is wanted for protein production, the nucleosome opens and the DNA strip is released for reading. Subsequent to this, the DNA winds return around the histones, protected from the damaging effects regarding the molecules around it, until the next time need arises.
Genetic data want not just content, but also a sensitive order in their structure and within the features regarding the surrounding environment. This order is just one regarding the works of our Almighty Lord, Creator regarding the Earth and sky. In one verse, we are told that:. My God is kind to anyone He wills. He is indeed All-Knowing and All-Wise.
Surah Yusuf, 100 Genes: Data Packages. A lone cell nucleus, invisible to our eyes, contains a DNA strip that is 5 meters 13. 12 feet long, packaged inside the nucleus within the shape of groups known as chromosomes. The nuclei regarding the cells in your body contain a total of 23 chromosome pairs. When chromosomes are magnified below an electron microscope, the DNA molecule inside these chromosomes are seen to be compressed in a spiral form.
Despite occupying a very tiny volume, this wrapping system possesses a stunning data-storage capacity, as you will look in a later chapter. DNA strips contain all the details compulsory to shape proteins of all kindsenzymes, molecular motors, hormones and other building blocks. 23 The details encoded within the DNA molecule determines the symmetrical formation regarding the eyes and ears, the pumping of blood by the heart, the transportation of oxygen to cells via that blood, the gastric acid that breaks below foodstuffs, and all the body's other physical features. There exists around eighty thousand of these kinds of details packets, known as genes, within the person body. of genetic informationthe genome, in other wordsis compared to a library, every pamphlet in that library represents a chromosome, and the chapters within the books are genes.
Genes are rather like the headings in a giant encyclopedia, containing a detailed blueprint of a person being's biologic characteristics. The chromosomes passed on by method of inheritance are determined by the different arrangements regarding the 4 chemical bases constituting the DNA steps. Thousands of these steps, or base pairs, constitute a lone gene. James Watson, one regarding the co-discoverers of DNA's structure, notes that base sequences are the source regarding the differences in genes:. The 4 nucleotides were not however, completely different, for each contained the similar to sweetener and phosphate components.
Their uniqueness lay in their nitrogenous bases, which were neither a purine adenine and guanine or a pyrimidine cytosine and thymine. If the base sequences were always the same, all DNA molecules should be identical. And there should not exist the variability that should distinguish one gene from another. From these 4 base sequences, Allah has created billions of different person beings and keeps creating. Thanks to flawless order that Allah created in DNA, person beings emerge with a detailed and complex structure and the wealthy characteristics they possess.
In verse 45 of Surat an-Nur it is revealed that:. Allah creates whatever He wills. Allah has force over all things. Surat An-Nur, 45 DNA is a Stable Molecule. DNA is the highest many suitable molecule for carrying information.
Chemists refer to it being stable, which means the molecule is not with no problems damaged or dissolved. Scientists engaged in studies within the field of molecular biology are well aware regarding the importance of this stability, due to the fact that DNA's structure is distant more resistant than most biochemicals used within the laboratory. Unlike many biochemicals, it can preserve its stability for months in solution, even at room temperature. Daniel Dennet expresses the stable nature regarding the bases in DNA:. One regarding the important features of DNA is that all the permutations of sequences of adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine are about equally stable, chemically.
All should be constructed, in principle, within the gene-splicing laboratory, and, once constructed, should have an indefinite shelf like a pamphlet in a library. All shows that the DNA molecule is specially created to contain and conceal information. It is absolutely impossible for all of DNA's properties to have return into existence togather instantaneously, as the result of chance. Each two of these was consciously brought together at our Almighty Lord's command. In one verse regarding the Qur'an, Allah reveals that:.
That is Allah, your Lord. Those you call on besides Him have no force over even the smallest speck. The Astonishing Order in DNA's Spiral. Imagine the coiled cord that leads from a telephone receiver. A long cable was squeezed into a many shorter distance, but in such a method that it shall be extended if necessary.
Nobody seeing that cable should possibly imagine that it had assumed that shape by chance, due to the fact that the location where the cable is used, its purpose and the ease it affords are all signs of an intellect and conscious knowledge. The DNA in person cells has a similarly spiral shape, but is distant more regular, detailed and more convoluted. There is enormous wisdom behind the use of this shape. DNA's extraordinary data capacity, which we shall be discussing shortly, and the method it is compressed into a minute space, are created likely thanks to this special form. DNA, which measures 5 meters 13.
12 feet when its spiral is fully extended, takes up no more space than one 3 millionth of a millimeter, and is hard to look even below an electron microscope. 29 DNA is Reminiscent of a Highly Regular. The DNA molecule is a coiled helix, consisting of 3 spirals, rather like a staircase. The coils within the DNS spiral have an exceedingly standard structure. The vertebrae consisting of sweetener and phosphate in most DNA chains revolve at an equal distance around an usual axis and twist within the similar to direction, from right to left.
Moreover, there is no haphazard sequencing within the steps between the 3 arms. The bases that make up the rungs shape an angle of 90 degrees to spiral axis, giving the DNA strip its highly regular, staircase-like appearance. The steps are joined to one another with a special locking system. The 4 different components regarding the rungs adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine are of different sizes. The adenine and guanine bases are large, and cytosine and thymine are tiny molecules.
The dimensions regarding the molecules that shall be opposite one another have been determined in such a method as to make sure that equal spaces at every spot on the spiral staircase. In order for the steps to be always regular, guanine always pairs with cytosine, and adenine with thymine. Thus tiny bases always being opposite huge ones within the DNA molecule means the distance is stable at every point. The result is a standard staircase extending with no interruptions. However, if the base adenine were to be paired with guanine just once, instead of with thymine, it should be impossible for the helix structure to proceed in a standard manner.
Any error within the sequence may thus entirely impair the molecule's chemical structure and prevent the data being used, copied and transmitted. This repeatedly indicates that the sequence cannot be the work of chance. The distance between the turns of neighboring base pairs shall also be stable. This system ensures equidistance between the staircase coils, some 10 base pairs in other words, 10 steps shape a done revolution of 360 degrees. 30 DNA coils a billion times a second, and the staircase steps twist by performing their spiral movement.
31 This action plays a very important role in DNA's performing 3 vital functions--directing the formation of protein and self-replication. Werner Gitt, director regarding the German Federal Institute of Physics and Technology, says this about this special structure:. The coding system used for living beings is optimal from an engineering standpoint. This fact strengthens the argument that it was a case of purposeful creation [Creation] rather than fortuitous chance. 32 Importance regarding the Bonds used within the Building.
The dual backbones regarding the long DNA molecule or the banisters regarding the staircase are very strong, created up of consecutive sweetener and phosphate molecules. These molecules attach to one another with a special bond known as ester covalent bonds. These are exceptionally tough and it is very difficult to break them. This strength gives protection against harmful factors that may impair genetic information. 33 The existence of these bonds creates the DNA molecule resistant and stable even while the DNA molecule is in a single-strand form.
However, there is a risk of damage to DNA spiral structure as the coils unfold. For that reason, the spiral wants to be tough and stable enough to protect its structure but also elastic enough to be opened up very quickly such that the details shall be with no problems used. In fact, a combination of powerful covalent bonds that protect DNA's simple molecular structure of, and weaker hydrogen bonds that shall be broken more quickly, enables the elasticity-solidity difficulty to be overcome. Since the hydrogen bonds forming between the 4 opposed nucleotides are not as tough as ester bonds, they can with no problems be separated with fewer life by means of such factors as pH variation acid-base equilibrium, heat, and pressure. Weak bonds play a very important role within the shaping regarding the huge molecules in an organism, and endow with elasticity the substance they compose.
However, no breakage within the bonds ever takes place. Thanks to this distinguishing feature of hydrogen bonds, the details within the DNA molecule shall be used whenever required. The significance regarding the elasticity within the bonds is that the vital function of protein production is created likely by DNA being copied when cells divide, and that transmission is created likely by the elastic property regarding the bonds between them. Since the 3 chains regarding the DNA molecule are attached to one another only by hydrogen bonds, they can with no problems be unraveled and separated from one another. They can also, when necessary, recombine and shape an special helix structure.
No breakage or impairment ever takes location within the nucleotides that constitute the steps regarding the DNA chain during detachment or separation. While the hydrogen bonds within the center can with no problems separate from one another, no breakage or stretching ever develops within the long chains at neither side, attached by means of covalent bonds. The molecular biologist Michael Denton describes the perfection within the biochemical structure of DNA:. The geometric perfection regarding the molecule is particularly evident within the fact that the strength of each regarding the 5 hydrogen bonds the 3 between adenine and thymine and the 3 between guanine and cytosine is optimal due to the fact that each regarding the hydrogen atoms points directly at its acceptor atom, and the bond lengths are all at the life maximum for hydrogen bonds. This is most remarkable, for it confers best stability on the molecule and creates for highly accurate base pairing during replication.
On the one hand, there is a need for a sound and stable structure for the containing of genetic information, while on the other a flexible structure is compulsory for the genes to be view and copied. So the strength regarding the bond between the 3 arms that make up the DNA helix has to be just right for it to fulfill its essential functions. And indeed, the DNA helix does have just the right position of strength and elasticity. If the bond between the DNA strips were any stronger, the 3 arms should stop moving and grow to fixed. But if the bond were weaker, the molecule should break apart.
35 Yet by the shall of Allah, the bonds that constitute DNA have the moral structure to make the helix most highly standard and exceedingly functional. The Importance of Phosphate in DNA. Phosphates hold together the nucleotide bases on DNA, due to the fact that the DNA helix functions in an environment containing water, and h2o breaks below the bonds between phosphates and sugars. Thus it is most advantageous and essential that the phosphate groups in DNA be negatively charged. That negative charge eliminates the danger regarding the DNA being broken below within the watery environment surrounding it.
What compounds, other than phosphates, should establish a chemical bond and still manage to remain negatively charged? There exists different possibilities. Yet none of these can shape genetic details within the method that phosphate does. Silicic acid and arsenic esters break below rapidly in water. Consequently citric acid dissolves more slowly in water, it lacks the stability to maintain the molecule's geometry. Therefore, if phosphate did not have its own special properties, the DNA's double helix should not form.
No self-replication biochemical system should be established, and life should be impossible. The well-known professor of chemistry Frank Henry Westheimer says this: All of these conditions are met by phosphoric acid and no other alternative is obvious. 37 This situation and all the other details we have examined so distant clearly display that our God has created the DNA molecule with miraculous properties. In one verse regarding the Qur'an, it is revealed that:. He knows what is in front of them and behind them.
But their knowledge does not encompass Him. Surah Ta Ha, 110 CHAPTER 5 DNA's Extraordinary Data-storge Capacity Modern technological progress within the field of data storage is truly amazing. Computer hard discs, CDs, diskettes, data sticks and similar products are becoming more advanced and efficient every day. Computer firms are seeking answers to how the maximum no. of data shall be stored within the minimum space without being impaired, and how that details shall be downloaded within the fastest likely manner.
Even though whole encyclopedias of data shall be compressed onto a lone CD, it is still huge enough to close your hand. The astonishing data-miniaturizing or data-compression ability of DNA, on the other hand, distant surpasses modern technology. According to calculations by Leonard Adleman of Los Angeles Southern California University, just two gram 0. 0022 pounds of DNA can contain the equivalent no. of data to two trillion CDs.
38 This shows that data are concealed in a million, million times more efficiently in DNA than in a CD. The volume of a person being's DNA is 4 billionths of a cubic millimeter 4 x 10-9 mm3. Simpson, if all the features of all the species that have ever lived were to be loaded onto DNA, the resulting total volume of DNA should fill only a tiny component of a teaspoon. Enough space should even be left over the rest regarding the spoon to contain all the books that have ever been written. Leonard Adleman, the inventor regarding the DNA computer, which represents an special sphere of technology, says this related to the mechanism in DNA and the cell:.
If we look inside the cell, we look extraordinary machines that we was not able to make ourselves. It's a best tool chest. According to Darwinists, however, this giant data bank within the cell capable of holding the equivalent of tens of thousands of books came into being spontaneously as the result of chance. Within the eyes of Darwinists, who have no qualms about building another total impossibility on top of that one, chance has compressed all the data in a library huge enough to fill an entire soccer stadium, undamaged, into a space too tiny to be seen together with the naked eye. Darwinists still blindly advocate such a total impossibility.
Yet neither the cell nor DNA, its data bank, can emerge from the chance combination of unconscious atoms. Even the very smallest components of living things have been created for an exact purpose, and every two of them are distant too complex to admit any possibility of chance. Michael George Pitman, a professor of biology from University of Sydney, uses the German philosopher Arthur Schopenhauer's words to express how life is not just a collection of inanimate substances:. Every organism is organic through and through in all its parts, and nowhere are these, not even in their smallest particles, mere aggregates of inorganic matter. If we were to express the volume of data in DNA in numerical terms, then a 4-meter 13.
12-foot long DNA molecule was packaged and compressed into a cell only 4 to six microns in diameter two micron = two or 1000 millimeter. If the DNA codes in every one regarding the body's 100 trillion cells were laid out end to end, the resulting length should stretch to Sun and return 600 times. Jerry Bergman, known for his scientific papers, emphasizes the engineering in DNA in an analogy:. Suppose you were asked to take 3 long strands of fisherman's monofilament line 125 miles [201 kilometers] long then shape it into a double-helix structure and neatly fold and pack this line so it should fit into a basketball. Furthermore, you should need to make sure that that the double helix should be unzipped and duplicated along the length of this line, and the duplicate copy removed, all without tangling the line.
Possible? This is directly analogous to what happens within the billions of cells in your body every day. Scale the basketball below to volume of a person cell and the line scales below to six feet [2 meters] of DNA. The DNA packing process is most complex and elegant and is so efficient that it achieves a reduction in length of DNA by a factor of two million. The molecular biologist Michael Denton describes the extraordinary nature of DNA's data compression ability:. it is clean that cells are immensely complex entities.
the complexity of a jumbo jet packed into a speck of powder invisible to person eye. It is hardly conceivable that anything more complex should be compacted into such a tiny volume. Moreover, it is a speck-sized jumbo jet which can duplicate itself barely effortlessly46. DNA's ability to hold details is so efficient that all the data concerning to a person being shall be compressed into an region weighing just a little trillionths of a gram. 47 Regarding to Yale University's Prof.
George Gaylord Simpson, the data belonging two billion living things shall be squeezed with ease into a lone grain of salt. Collins, a physicist and geneticist and also director regarding the Local Person Genome Studies Institute, describes the conclusions of his learn of DNA:. Now fifty years since Watson and Crick unraveled the structure regarding the double helix, I ponder it is wonderful to contemplate the elegance of DNA carrying information. This digital code allows, in a very with no problems copyable form, such a massive no. of details to be carried inside each cell regarding the person body.
This double helix DNA is created up of base pair letters. The whole person genome consists of 3 billion of these base pairs all packaged inside the cell's nucleus. The 3 billion letters are can direct all regarding the biological properties of a person being. The well-known molecular biologist Michael Denton mentions that biological details to be packed into the tiny volume regarding the cell nucleus seems to be specifically arranged for person beings. 50 If DNA did not have this data compression ability, the cell should should be very many larger sequential to hold irregular DNA strips.
But it is impossible for cells to be any larger, due to the fact that the cell's sources of oxygen and nutrients are efficient only provided the existing diameter regarding the cell. 51 From that spot of view, the cell's volume and therefore, its ability to hold DNA, is of vital importance. This glorious wrapping system is created likely by the DNA molecule's ability to coil and shape long spirals that bend and release rise to intertwined, standard helixes. This wrapping cutting edge designs evidencing highly advanced engineering, shall be seen within the nucleus of every cell. By means of this wrapping system that our Almighty God created in our cells, millions of kilometers of DNA letters remain contained in a volume we cannot look together with the naked eye.
The Giant Encyclopedia within the Person Cell. So extraordinary is the no. of details recorded in DNA that a lone DNA molecule contains enough details to fill a million encyclopedia pages. To place that another way, 1,000,000 pages of data that manage the functioning regarding the person body have been encoded inside the nucleus of every cell. You can obtain an improved system of this quantity when you think about that even the 23-volume Encyclopedia Britannica, has only 25,000 pages.
This gives rise to an extraordinary picture. Inside the nucleus, itself distant smaller than the microscopic cell in which it is contained; is a data bank 40 times larger than one regarding the largest encyclopedias on Earth, equivalent to a 920-volume encyclopedia. Studies has shown that this giant encyclopedia contains some six billion different pieces of information. Let us repeat those 3 words, contains details. We now need to stop and ponder about what this means.
It is easy enough to speak that a cell contains billions of pieces of information. However, we are discussing not a computer or a library, but an region 100 times smaller than a millimeter created up solely of protein, fat and h2o molecules. It should be astonishing for only a lone piece of information, let alone millions, to be contained inside this tiny molecule. Moreover, books and encyclopedias are inert and inanimate. Someone possessed of consciousness wants to view the details and act on the instructions it contains.
Yet DNA is a living source of details that does not just contain data, but also uses that details and acts upon it. How can a chain consisting of atoms arranged one behind the other, in a space just a billionth of a millimeter in diameter, possess such knowledge and memory? While each regarding the 100 trillion cells in your body are capable of learning a million pages by heart, how many pages should you an intelligent lone learn during the course of your lifetime? Any rational person shall conclude that the cell is the work of a superior mind and superior knowledge. It is impossible, as evolutionists maintain, for DNA to have arisen by chance in one lone cell, let alone in an organism consisting of billions. Almighty Allah is the Creator of all things. Allah reveals in one verse regarding the Qur'an as follows:.
They do not measure Allah with His true measure. Allah is All-Strong, Almighty. Surat al-Hajj, 74 The Data Storage Cutting edge designs in DNA. Is Greater Than That of Computers. The computer is the highest many advanced cutting edge designs through which huge quantities of details shall be stored.
The details possessed by room-sized computers 50 years ago can now be stored on tiny discs. Yet the final computer technology, developed by person intelligence as the result of centuries of accumulated knowledge and many years of effort, returns nowhere near to approaching the data-storage capacity of DNA. A strand of DNA is only one 3 millionth of a millimeter in thickness. Despite this extraordinary thinness and the fact it is 5 meters 13. 12 feet long, DNA strips not ever grow to tangled up with one another.
Thanks to its special structure, the DNA is folded up perfectly inside the cell's nucleus - an example of incomparable engineering. One regarding the first goals of computer engineers is to be can shop as many details as likely in as tiny a space as possible. At present, the highest position storage capacity on Earth is that belonging to DNA molecule. 52 In his pamphlet The Path Ahead, Bill Gates, the president of Microsoft, writes:. Human DNA is like a computer program but far, distant more advanced than any software we have ever created.
The well-known American philosopher Prof. Daniel Dennet describes the density of details contained in DNA in his pamphlet Darwin's Dangerous Idea:. Even to those of us accustomed to engineering miracles regarding the computer age, the facts are hard to encompass. Not only molecule-sized copying machines, but proofreading enzymes that correct mistakes, all at blinding speed, on a scale that super computers still can not match. Biological macromolecules hold a storage capacity that exceeds that regarding the greatest present-day details stores by multiple orders of magnitude.
The sequencing regarding the codes in DNA resembles that regarding the digits in a computer system. The numbers in a computer environment can contain an image, the instructions for a computer game, or the text of a book. The codes in DNA contain details that serves to make new proteins. 55 But no computer engineer can imitate DNA, which contains sufficient details to fill a million encyclopedia pages in a space invisible to naked eye. To claim that DNA emerged by chance is even more irrational than maintaining that the highest many advanced computers should have done so.
DNA exhibits evident proofs of Allah's sublime creation. Allah reveals this matchless creation within the Qur'an: He is the Originator regarding the heavens and the Earth. Astonishing Comparisons That Elucidate. the Giant Data Capacity in DNA. Instead of creating use of units of measurement, scientists resort to different comparisons to emphasize the vast no.
of genetic data in person beings. Here are some examples that stress the breadth regarding the data capacity in DNA:. If the details within the person genome should be written below creating use of the alphabet, it should fill 1,000 books of 1,000 pages each, each page containing 3,000 letters. 56 1,000 books times 1,000 pages times 3,000 letters equals 3,000,000,000 4 billion letters. If those 4 billion letters within the person genome were written out like a lone sentence, it should stretch from the North Pole to Equator.
Someone working at a typewriter at a rate of 300 letters per minute for 8 hours a day, 220 days a year, should take 95 years to done the task. For the genetic details to be written out should want 12,000 160-page books. Compared with computer chips with a 16 MB capacity a megabyte is two million bytes, the smallest data units in a computer, the DNA strip within the person genome contains 1,400 times more information. If a pinhead 3 millimeters 0. 078 of an inch in diameter were stretched out to thinness regarding the DNA molecule, it should be 33 times detailed than the Equator.
The details in DNA is sufficient to fill a library consisting of 100 sets of a 30-volume encyclopedia. Were the details in DNA to be placed in books piled one on top regarding the other, those books should attain a height of 70 meters 229 feet. Alternatively, that details should fill 200 phone books of 500 pages each. If the DNA in all the cells within the person body were flattened out and laid end to end, they should stretch for some 50,000,000 kilometers 31,070,000 miles. That distance is enough to leave from the Earth to Solar System.
Light should take approximately 3 days to venture the entire length regarding the DNA in your body. Regarding to professor Jrme Lejeune, a genetics expert, the genetic data belonging to all the person beings on Earth should be contained in a quantity of DNA no larger than a little aspirin tablets. The details within the DNA in a lone person cell should fill two million encyclopedia pages. Individuals should not live long enough to view their own genetic data. Where they to view the DNA code every day, 24 hours a day, non-stop, it should take 100 years to done the task.
To envisage the density regarding the data within the DNA molecule, assume that you have knowledge of enough DNA to close a pinhead. Now think about that this similar to details is written below in books of 160 pages each. The data in such a tiny no. of DNA should fill 15 trillion 15 times 1012 of those 160-page books. Whether you placed that many books one on top regarding the other, their height should be 500 times the distance between the Earth and the Moon 384,000 kilometers, or 238,600 miles.
Alternatively, if these books were equally distributed between the seven billion or so people within the world, every lone should receive 2,500 volumes. The boundless details that these examples try to express is stored inside every cell nucleus. The presence of DNA, storing the equivalent no. of details to a huge library, in some 100 trillion cells, means 100 trillion of these libraries. Were we to compare that position of details together with the position so distant achieved by mankind, we should be unable to retrieve an example sufficiently large.
In addition, if we multiplied that quantity by the seven billion people currently living on the Earth and the billions of others who lived within the past, a boundless quantity of data should appear prior to us. Moreover, we are now speaking only of person genetic information. Bearing in mind the genetic details possessed by the millions of living creatures that have ever existed, the position rises to heights that exceed comprehension. The knowledge that our Omniscient and Almighty God has manifested in DNA leaves absolutely no room for claims based on chance. In one verse, it is stated that: There is no one within the heavens and Earth who shall not return to All-Merciful like a servant.
He has counted them and numbered them precisely. Surah Maryam, 93-94 Rather We hurl the truth against falsehood and it cuts right through it and it vanishes sleek away! Woe without end for you for what you portray! Surat al-Anbiya', 18 DNA Is an Example of the. Artistry and Intellect of Allah,. the God of Infinite Knowledge. The simple claims regarding the theory of evolution are based on blind chance, which cannot release rise to information.
If the chemical formula for a drug that cures cancer is written below one day, all the authorities should join forces to identify the discoverers and even release them an award. Nobody should wonder if that formula was the result of ink being spilled on the page, Any rational mind should ponder that it should have been written only by someone with expertise in chemistry, physiology, oncology the branch of medicine that studies cancer and pharmacology the branch that studies drugs. Evolutionists seek to account for the origin of.
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